JOURNAL READING

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Research paper
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Abstract
Introduction
Method
Result
Discussion
References

Example of Dentistry Journal

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ABSTRACT
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ABSTRACT
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An abstract summarizes, in one paragraph

(usually), the major aspects of the entire
paper in the following prescribed sequence:

the question(s) you investigated (or

purpose), (from Introduction)
state the purpose very clearly in the first
or second sentence.

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the experimental design and

methods used, (from Methods)
clearly express the basic design of
the study.
name or briefly describe the basic
methodology used without going
into excessive detail-be sure to
indicate the key techniques used.

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the major findings including key

quantitative results, or trends
(from Results)
report those results which answer
the questions you were asking
identify trends, relative change or
differences, etc.

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a brief summary of your

interpetations and
conclusions. (from Discussion)
clearly state the implications of
the answers your results gave
you.

How do you know when you

have
enough information in
Dental
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your Abstract?
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A simple rule-of-thumb is to
imagine
that you are another
researcher doing
an study similar
to the one you are
reporting. If your
Abstract was the only part of the
paper you could access, would you be
happy with the information
presented
there?

The Abstract is ONLY text. Use the active voice

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when possible, but much of it may require passive
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constructions. Write your Abstract using concise,
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here complete, sentences, and get to the point
quickly. Use past tense. Maximum length should
be 200-300 words, usually in a single paragraph.
The Abstract SHOULD NOT contain:
lengthy background information,
references to other literature,
elliptical (i.e., ending with ...) or
incomplete sentences,
abbreviations or terms that may be
confusing to readers,
any sort of illustration, figure, or table, or
references to them.

INTRODUCTION
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Establish the context of the work

being reported. This is
accomplished by discussing the
relevant
primary research literature (with
citations) and summarizing our
current understanding of the
problem you are investigating;

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State the purpose of the

work in the form of the
hypothesis, question, or
problem you investigated;

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Briefly explain your rationale

and approach and, whenever
possible, the possible
outcomes your study can
reveal.

How to write an introduction?

Dental Begin your Introduction by
Clinic clearly identifying the subject
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area of interest
Do this by using key words from your
Title in the first few sentences of the
Introduction to get it focused directly
on topic at the appropriate level. This
insures that you get to the primary
subject matter quickly without losing
focus, or discussing information that
is too general.

 Establish the context by

providing a brief and balanced
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published literature that is
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available on the subject
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The key is to summarize (for the
reader) what we knew about the
specific problem before you did your
experiments or studies. This is
accomplished with a general review
of the primary research literature
(with citations) but should not
include very specific, lengthy
explanations that you will probably
discuss in greater detail later in the
Discussion. The judgment of what is
general or specific is difficult at first,

Task
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Identify 5 scientific research proposals for some

aspects as follows:
1. What are the subject and object of the research in
this journal?
2. What is/are the objectve(s) of the journal?
3. What is/are the research question(s) of the journal?
4. List some theoretical frameworks which were used
in the journal!! (mention at least
5. What reseach method/design which was used in
the journal?
6. What reseach instrumrnt(s) which was/were used
in the journal?
7. What is/are the result(s) of the conducted
reseach in the journal?

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A study of dentists preferences for

the restoration
of shortened dental arches with
partial dentures

1. What are the subject and object of the research in this journal?
. Subject:
104 subjects holding a basic degree in dentistry and working as
staff members in AlFarabi Colleges of Saudi Arabia which was
obtained from the Directory of Teaching Staff, 20132014. Only
those holding a Bachelor Degree in Dentistry or equivalent were
eligible to participate. The mean age of participants was 32 years
with a range between 25 and 46 years of age. The number of
male dentists was equal to female dentists (52/52). Almost half of
participants were holding a Master Degree in one of the dental
specialties (48%). Approximately 40% were holding only a
Bachelor Degree in Dentistry, 6% were holding a Postgraduate
Diploma beside the basic dental degree and a minority had a PhD
qualification in dentistry (4%). Year of graduation from the basic
dental program ranged between 1989 and 2012. Mean years of
work experience following graduation was 8 years.

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Oject:
The study form presented four main
scenarios for patients of different ages
(30, 50, 70 years old) with complete
maxillary dental arches and
mandibular SDAs of different length.
Patients were described as fit and
healthy. They had no problems with
any of the remaining teeth or their
supporting structures. The interarch
space was described as adequate and
the mandibular residua ridge as able to
provide adequate denture support.
There are total 12 scenarios where
under each main scenario, three
subscenarios are applied for SDA
patients.

2. What is/are the objectve(s) and hypthesis of

the journal?
Dental The aim of this study was (1) to use a utility
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method in order to assess dentists

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preferences for the restoration of SDAs with

partial dentures.(2) Also, the impact of
patient age and length of the SDA on
dentists preferences for the partial denture
was investigated.
The examined hypotheses were: (1) There
are no differences in dentists preferences
for the RPD that restored SDAs of varying
length, and (2) there are no differences in
dentists preferences for the RPD that
restored SDAs for patients of different ages.

What is/are the research question(s)

of the journal?
Dental
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The aim of this study was (1) to use a

utility method in order to assess
dentists preferences for the restoration
of SDAs with partial dentures. Do
dentists prefer to use a utility method
for the restoration of SDAs patients with
partial dentures?
(2) Also, the impact of patient age and
length of the SDA on dentists
preferences for the partial denture was
investigated. Do patient age and
length of the SDA has impact on
dentists preferences for the partial
denture?

Mention some theoretical frameworks which

were used in the journal!! (mention at least 5)
Dental
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Masticatory performance,
maximum occlusal force, and
occlusal contact area in
patients with bilaterally missing
molars and distal extension
removable partial dentures is
written by Aras K,
Hasanreisoglu U, Shinogaya T.
Int J Prosthodont
2009;22:2049.

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What reseach method/design which

was used in the journal?
The research design: quantitative research ,
Dental
Clinic measured by using (1) ttests which were

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to examine whether there were

differences in dentists mean utility values
among the different SDA scenarios and (2)
Bonferronis correction which was applied to
account for multiple comparisons and to set
the significance level for each statistical
comparison.
The collected data were analyzed using the
SPSS statistical package (IBM SPSS Statistics
for Windows, Version 20.0, Released 2011,
IBM Corp, Armonk, New York, USA).

What reseach instrument(s) which

was/were used in the journal?
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The instruments are (1) an

interview list and (2) a
standardized visual analog scale
(VAS).

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What is/are the result(s) of the

conducted reseach in the journal?
1. Restoration of the mandibular SDAs by RPDs is not a
highly preferred treatment option among the surveyed
group of dentists for the following reasons:
The average utility value of the RPD among the described
SDA scenarios was 0.49 0.15 (standard deviation [SD]).
Across the 12 SDA scenarios, the mean utility scores of the
RPD ranged between 0.35 and 0.61. The mean utility values
attached by dentists to the RPD in each SDA scenario. The
results of this study show that participant dentists place a
relatively little value on the option of extending the
mandibular SDAs by cobaltchromium RPDs (average utility
value = 0.49, SD = 0.15).
With a utility value of 0.0 representing the worst possible
health state for a mouth and 1.0 representing the best,
dentists average utility value of the RPD for the SDAs was
0.49 (sd= 0.15). Mean utility scores of the RPDs across the
12 SDA scenarios ranged between 0.35 and 0.61. RPDs that
restored the extremely SDAs attracted the highest utility
values and dentists utility of the RPD significantly increased
with the increase in the number of missing posterior teeth.

Result Continue
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2. In this study, the length of the SDA had a significant

impact on dentists preferences for the RPD but age of
the patient had no effect on dentists preferences for
the RPD that restore the SDAs which are fully
described as follows:
The utility value of the RPD increased with increase in
the number of missing posterior teeth that is, the
shorter the SDA, the higher was dentists preference
for the RPD.
Age of patient may have a significant impact on the
prognosis of treatment with removable dentures.
Younger patients were reported to be more reluctant
than older patients to wear removable dentures.
[34,41]. On the other hand, older patients may have
poorer oral conditions and might lack the
neuromuscular control to manage removable
dentures.[43,44] .Therefore,this study shows that age
of the patient had no effect on dentists preferences
for the RPD that restore the SDAs.