Periodic Properties of elements

Chapter 7
Lecture presentation
Dr. Rajani Srinivasan
Tarleton State University

Contents

Periodic Table History

Effective Nuclear charge
Sizes of atoms and elements
Ionization Energy
Electron affinities
Properties of Metals, non metals and Metalloids
Periodic trends in Group1 and Group 2 elements
Periodic trends in non metals

History of Periodic table

development

Dmitri Mendeleev in Russia and

Lothar Meyer in Germany
independently published nearly
identical periodic table schemes.
They arranged the elements in the
increasing order of atomic masses.
Mendeleev pursued this work further
and predicted the positions and
properties of unknown compound
accurately.
He predicted the properties of
Germanium eka silicon ( below
silicon ) and eka -Aluminium
-Gallium

Mendeleevs elements

Modern Periodic table

After the discovery of Nuclear model of
atoms by Rutherford.
English physicist Henry Mosley gave the
concept of Atomic Number
This resulted in existence of modern periodic
table. In which elements are arranged in the
increasing order of atomic Number

Effective Nuclear charge

The effective nuclear charge, Zeff, is
found this way:
Zeff = Z S
where Z is the atomic number and S is a
screening constant, usually close to the
number of inner core electrons.
Other factor that effects the effective
nuclear charge is the distance of the
electrons from the nucleus
Zeff(Na)= 11-10= +1
Since S orbital is nearer to the nucleus
so the Zeff= + 2.5

Effective Nuclear charge

The effective nuclear charge, Zeff, is
found this way:
Zeff = Z S
Slater explained the anomaly in the
value of S.
As per Slaters Rule
Electrons having the same value of n as
the electron of interest contributes 0.35
of S
Electrons having n-1 as the electron of
interest contributes 0.85 of S
Values even smaller than that
contributes 1 od S

Trend Zeff
Effective nuclear charge increases from Left to
right across any period
(i.e. from metallic side to non metallic side)
Effective nuclear charge increases down the
column but it is not as significant as across the
period.

Sizes of Atoms and Ions

Non bonding atomic radii is
also called vander walls
radii.
The bonding atomic radius
is defined as one-half of the
distance between covalently
bonded nuclei.
This helps in determining
the bond length of the
covalent bonds between the
atoms

Periodic trends
Atomic Radii increases from top to bottom
(along the group)
Greater the n greater the atomic Radii
( number of valence electrons remains the same
but shell number increases.)
Along the period the atomic radii decreases
Number of electrons increases but shell remains
the same

Atomic Radii

Ionic Radii
Size of the atoms in the ion depends
upon:
1) Nuclear Charge
2) Number of electrons
3) Number of orbitals

Cations
Cations are smaller
than their parent
atoms:
The outermost
electron is removed
and repulsions
between electrons
are reduced.

Anions
Anions are larger
than their parent
atoms
Electrons are added
and repulsions
between electrons
are increased.

Periodic trends
Ions increase in size as you go down a
column:
This increase in size is due to the increasing
value of n

Cations and anions decreases in size along the

period

Isoelectronic Series

In an isoelectronic series, ions have the same number

of electrons.
Ionic size decreases with an increasing nuclear charge.

IONIZATION ENERGY
The ionization energy (I) is the amount of energy
required to remove an electron from the ground
state of a gaseous atom or ion. Unit = KJ/mol
I are Endothermic i.e
Energy values are +ve.
The first ionization energy(I1) is that energy required
to remove the first electron.
The second ionization energy (I2) is that energy
required to remove the second electron, etc.

Ionization Energy
Example:
Na(g)

Na+ + e-1 I1 = 496 KJ/mol

(Energy associated with this is first ionization

energy.
Na +
Na + + + e-1 I2 4562 KJ /mol
(Energy associated with this is first ionization
energy

Ionization energy
The energy required to remove successive
electron increases
When all the valence electrons are removed
there is a very high increase in the energy to
remove an electron.
Mg+ + e-1 I1= 738KJ
Mg(s)
Mg+

Mg++ + e-1 I2= 1451kJ

Mg++

Mg+++ + e-1 I3= 7733KJ

Ionization energy

Trends in First Ionization Energies

As one goes down a column, less energy is required to remove

the first electron.
For atoms in the same group, Zeff is essentially the same, but the valence
electrons are farther from the nucleus.

Generally, as one goes across a row, it gets harder to remove an

electron or more energy is required.
As you go from left to right, Zeff increases.

Trends in First Ionization

Energies
However, there
are two apparent
discontinuities in
this trend.

Trends in First Ionization

Energies
The first occurs between
Groups IIA and IIIA.
from Be [He]2s2 to Boron
[He]2s2p1
( Ionization energy decreases
then increases)
In this case the electron is
removed from a p orbital
rather than an s orbital.
The electron removed is farther
from the nucleus.
There is also a small amount of
repulsion by the s electrons.

Trends in First Ionization

Energies
The second discontinuity
occurs between Groups
VA and VIA.
From Nitrogen [He]2s22p3 to
Oxygen [He]2s22p4
Ionization energy first
increases then decreases
The electron removed
comes from a doubly
occupied orbital.
Repulsion from the other
electron in the orbital aids
in its removal.

Electronic configuration of cations

Removal of electrons from the atoms
follows the following rules
1) They are removed first from the
occupied orbitals with largest principal
quantum number
Li = 1s22s1
Li + = 1s2
Fe = [Ar]3d64s2
Fe3+ = [Ar] 3d5

Electronic configuration of Anions

2) When forming Anions
Electrons are added first to the unoccupied
orbitals with lowest principal quantum number
or n values
F = [He]2s22p5
F- = [He]2s22p6

Electron Affinity
Electron affinity (EA) is the energy change
accompanying the addition of an electron to a
gaseous atom:
Cl + e

Cl

EA is exothermic so has negative value for

energy changes

Trends in EA
EA increases as we go from LEFT to
RIGHT
Again it has two exceptions
The first occurs between Groups IA and
IIA.
The second discontinuity occurs
between Groups IVA and VA.

Electron Affinity
The added electron
must go in a p
orbital, not an s
orbital.
The electron is
farther from the
nucleus and feels
repulsion from the
s electrons.

Electron Affinity
Group VA has no
empty orbitals.
The extra
electron must go
into an already
occupied orbital,
creating
repulsion.

Metals, Non metals and Metalloids

ELEMENTS

Metals

Are shiny and

lustrous
Solids are Malleable
and Ductile.
Good conductors of
heat and electricity.
Metallic oxides are
ionic and are basic in
nature
Form cations in
aqueous solution

Non metals

Metalloids

Dull in color
Solids are brittle, some
of them are hard, some
of them are soft

Properties between
metals and non metals

Poor conductors of heat

and electricity
Non metallic oxides are
molecular solids and are
acidic in nature.
Forms anions and
oxyanions in aqueous
solution

Example : Si
Looks like a metal
Brittle like non metal
Intermediate
conductor of heat and
electricity

Properties of Metals and non metals

Metals versus Nonmetals

Metals tend to form cations (Low Ionisation energies)
Nonmetals tend to form anions ( Large ve electronic affinities)

Metals and non metals

Compounds formed between metals and

nonmetals tend to be ionic.
Na + Cl2 2NaCl
Metal oxides tend to be basic
Metallic oxides react with water forming
hydroxides.
M+ O MO
MO + H2O MOH
(

Metallic oxides (soluble or insoluble ) reacts

with acids forming Salt and Water
NiO(s) + 2HNO3 Ni(NO3)2+ H2O

Non metals
Non metallic oxides are acidic
When dissolved in water are acidic
Dr
y
ice

C + O2 CO2
CO2 + H2O H2CO3
Acidic

Water (basic)

Group trends
Alkali metals are soft,
metallic solids.
The name comes from the
Arabic word for ashes.
They are found only in
compounds in nature, not in
their elemental forms.
They have low densities and
melting points.
They also have low
ionization energies.

Alkali Metals

Reaction with water

Their reactions with water are highly

exothermic.

Alkali Metals
Alkali metals (except Li) react with oxygen to form
peroxides.
K, Rb, and Cs also form superoxides:
K + O 2
KO2
They produce bright colors when placed in a flame.

Alkaline Earth Metals

Alkaline earth metals have higher

densities and melting points than alkali
metals.
Their ionization energies are low, but
not as low as those of alkali metals.

Reactivity with water

Beryllium does not react
with water,
magnesium reacts only
with steam,
Other alkaline earth
metals react readily with
water.
Reactivity tends to
increase as you go down
the group.

Group 6A

Also called Chalcogens or Ore formers

Oxygen, sulfur, and selenium are nonmetals.
Tellurium is a metalloid.
The radioactive polonium is a metal.

Sulfur
Sulfur is a weaker
oxidizer than
oxygen.
The most stable
allotrope is S8, a
ringed molecule.

Group VIIA: Halogens

The halogens are prototypical

nonmetals.
The name comes from the Greek words
halos and gennao: salt formers.

Group VIIA: Halogens

They have large, negative
electron affinities.
Therefore, they tend to
oxidize other elements
easily.

They react directly with

metals to form metal
halides.
Chlorine is added to
water supplies to serve
as a disinfectant.

Group VIIIA: Noble Gases

The noble gases have astronomical

ionization energies.
Their electron affinities are positive.
Therefore, they are relatively unreactive.

They are found as monatomic gases.