CHAPTER 4

BUS SYSTEM
OVERVIEW
1. Explain CPU oriented bus to
architecture oriented bus systems.

2. Explain bus structure and operation.

Electronic bus interface.
Electrical bus interface.
Bus operation.
Block transfer and Direct Memory Access
(DMA).
Interrupt operation.
3. VMEbus (IEEE 1014)
Data transfer.
Interrupt priority.

4. Multibus II (ANSI/IEEE 1296)

Data transfer.
operation.
5. Other bus
standards.
EISA
NuBus (IEEE 1196)
Multibus I (IEEE
796)
STD (IEEE 961)
 What is a BUS ?
•A bus can be thought as a “highway” for digital signal
• Physically, bus is a set of conductive paths that serves to
interconnect two or more components of a system

• It consists of a set physical connection (printed circuit

traces or wires)

• Electrically, a bus is a group of specified voltage levels and

current levels and signal that allow the various devices
connected to the bus to work properly together.
•it consists of a standard set of specification
BUS SYSTEM in MICROCOMPUTER SYSTEM

Internal
Bus External or
I/O Bus
Interconnect the various
components within a Signal transmission between
computer system. computer and the “outside
The processor, memory, world”
disc drive and interface Video, monitor, keyboard,
cards mouse and printer
 BASIC MULTIPLEXED BUSES

Processor

ROM RAM
A bus is multiplexed so that any of the
devices connected to it can either send or
receive data to or from one of the other
devices
A sending device is called a SOURCE
A receiving device is called ACCEPTOR

At any given time, there is only one source

active.
The process of establishing communication
between acceptor and Source is called
HANDSHAKING

Source Prepare Data

to receive
ready Acceptor
e.g RAM e.g CPU
Readyaccepted
Data to receive

Control bus
How to interface the source to a bus system?

Tristate drivers (buffers)

are normally used

Input Output

Enable
 Active-HIGH enable

Input Output

Enable

Active-LOW enable

Input Output

Enable
 Tristate Buffer Operation
Switching action

Active-HIGH enable

HIGH LOW HIGH

LOW

HIGH

LOW
or disconnected
HIGH
LOW
 Active-LOW enable

HIGH LOW HIGH

LOW

LOW

LOW
or disconnected
HIGH
HIGH
 1
Source A
e.g RAM 0
1 Tristate
10 10
Buffer
0
is used to
0 connect or
Source B disconnect
0
e.g ROM a source
1 00 10 to a bus

0
Tristate buffer
0
1
Select Data Bus
In general the block diagram is shown below

Register Data Bus

CPU Tristate buffer

Active-HIGH
Tristate buffer
Active-LOW
Select
1
0

Source Source
A B
 Multiplexed I/Os

Some devices has a port for input and

output lines to send and receive data
Use BIDIRECTIONAL TRISTATE DRIVERS
 SENDING DATA
Bus line

1
OURCE

1
I/O

(low) 0
 RECEIVING DATA
Bus line

1
OURCE

1
I/O

(high) 1
 0
Source A 1
e.g RAM
SEN
RECEIVE
0 DATA
D
1
DAT
1 A
1

00 1
Tristate buffer

0
1
Select Data Bus
 STANDARD BUSES

INTERNAL EXTERNAL
BUSES BUSES

SERIAL I/O
PARALLEL I/O
INTERFACE
INTERFACE
BUSES
•LOCAL BUS BUSES
•PCI •IEEE 488 •RS-232C
•ISA •SCSI •IEE3 1394
•USB
 INTERNAL BUSES

Internal buses in a computer carry addresses,

data and control signals between the CPU,

memory, disc drives, expansion slot and

other internal devices

 Personal computer consists
of 3 types of internal buses

1. Local bus
2. PCI (peripheral Control Interconnect)
Bus
3. ISA (Industry Standard Architecture)
Bus
 LOCAL BUS

Primary bus
This bus connects directly to the
microprocessor (CPU).
It consists of the data bus, the address bus
and the control bus
 PCi
PCI BUS
Secondary bus
This bus is used to interface the
microprocessor with external devices via
expansion slot (connectors)
First introduced by Intel in 1993
Has become the standard PC interface bus
PCI is a 64-bit bus
PCI can connect the CPU to hard drive via
expansion slots with adapter card
PCI support “ plug-and-play ”
 ISA BUS
Was developed by IBM
Most modern PC use this bus
It has 8-bit or 16-bit data bus
An expanded version  EISA (Extended
industry Standard Architecture) that provide
32-bit data bus
 EXTERNAL BUSES

External bus is used to interface the

computer to the outside world and the
peripheral equipment e.g a video monitor,
keyboard, mouse etc.
External devices are connected to a
computer via an input/output interface
called a PORT
 2 Types of Computer Ports

SERIAL PARALLEL
PORTS PORTS

Is used for serial data Is used for parallel

communication data communication
Only 1 bit is At least 1 byte is
transferred at a transferred at a
time time
Modem •Test •Hard disc
& measurement
equipment
•printer
SERIAL I/O PORTS

1. RS-232C

•Also referred as EIA-232

•Most PC have an RS-232C
port
•Example devices: modem,
mouse, serial printer.
SERIAL I/O PORTS

2. IEEE 1394
•Used for interfacing with
graphics and video
peripherals such as digital
camera.
•Often called FIREWIRE
•Support “hot plugging”
 SERIAL I/O PORTS
3.USB (Universal serial bus)
•Eventually replace most other existing
low-to-medium-speed serial and parallel
bus standard
•Permits both plug-and-play and hot
plugging
•Support 2 data transfer rate
 high speed rate 12Mbps
 low-speed rate 1.5Mbps
 PARALLEL I/O PORTS
1. IEEE 488
•Known as GPIB (General-purpose Interface
Bus)
•Widely used in test and measurement
equipment
•Specifies 24 lines to transfer
8 parallel data bits
8 control lines
3 handshake lines
 5 bus management lines
 PARALLEL I/O PORTS
2. SCSI (Small Computer
System Interface)
•Widely used as a standard for interfacing
PC and peripherals like Hard disk, Printer
and CD-ROM.
•Types of SCSI
SCSI-2, Wide SCSI, Fast SCSI, Fast wide
SCSI, Ultra SCSI, SCSI-3, Ultra SCSI-2, Wide
Ultra SCSI-2