ATOM AND ATOMIC

STRUCTURE

Early Ideas
Thales of Melitus states that everything
is composed of water
Anaxagoras believed that everything
has its own kind of seed that is clustered
together to
form various things.
Empedocles states that matter is made
up of 4-elements: air, earth, fire, water

Early Ideas
Democritus conceived the idea about
Atom. The word ATOM came from the
word
Atomos which means UNCUT,
because he believed that atom is a tiny,
indivisible particle which made up all
matter.
Aristotle opposed the idea of atomism
since he believed that matter can be
divided into different parts endlessly.

John Daltons Atomic Theory

Made an experimental evidence that will
show that matter really composed of
atoms.
Proposed the first modern atomic theory
He stated that atom is the smallest particle
of an element while molecule is the
smallest particle of a compound
He also believed that ATOM is the a tiny,
indivisible and indestructible sphere which
has no parts but has mass.

Assumptions of John Dalton

1.Substances are composed of tiny
indivisible particles called atom
2. Atoms of any given substances are
identical and have the same weight, size
and form.

Assumptions of John Dalton

3. Atoms are the smallest part of an element
which can enter into a chemical change.
4. Atoms of elements are permanent and
cannot be decomposed.
5. Compounds are formed by the union of
two or more atoms of elementary
substances.

SUB-ATOMIC PARTICLES OF
AN ATOM
1. Electrons
discovered by Joseph John Thomson
Negatively charged particle of an atom
Has a mass of 9.109 x 10 -28
Located outside the nucleus

SUB-ATOMIC PARTICLES OF
AN ATOM
2. Protons
Discovered by Eugene Goldstein
Positively charged particle of an atom
Has a mass of 1.672 x 10 -24
Located inside the nucleus

SUB-ATOMIC PARTICLES OF
AN ATOM
3. Neutron
Discovered by James Chadwick
Uncharged / Neutral particle of an atom
Has a mass of 1.675 x 10 -24
Located inside the nucleus

ATOMIC THEORY AND

STRUCTURE
1. J.J. Thomsons Atomic Theory
Proposed the first atomic theory with internal
structure
He believed that atom is a positive sphere in which
the negative particles are loosely embedded on it.
His atomic model is known as the PLUM-PUDDING
MODEL.
He believed that in a neutral atom there is a same
number of positive and negatives particles.

ATOMIC THEORY AND

STRUCTURE
2. E. Rutherfords Atomic Theory
He performed the experiment known as the
alpha-scattering experiment or gold-foil
experiment
He believed that atom is most an empty space
with a positive, massive central part of the atom
called NUCLEUS in which electrons revolve
around the nucleus.
His atomic model is known as Planetary Model
or Nuclear Model

ATOMIC THEORY AND

STRUCTURE
3. N. Bohrs Atomic Theory
He believed that protons are in the
nucleus and the electrons are in orbital
motion around the nucleus. These
electrons may be found in any several
definite orbits known as ENERGY
LEVELS around the nucleus, depending
on the amount of energy absorbed by the
electrons.

ATOMIC THEORY AND

STRUCTURE
4. A. Sommerfelds Atomic Theory
He believed that electrons are in elliptical
orbits around the nucleus.
5. Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
This principle states that simultaneous
determination of the exact position and
exact momentum of electron is
impossible.

ATOMIC THEORY AND

STRUCTURE
6. Wave Mechanical Atom or Electron
Cloud Model
This states that if it is really impossible to know
the exact location of electron, all we can talk
about is the region in space where the
probability of finding the electron is greatest. In
1926, Erwin Schrodinger conceptualized that
ORBITAL is the region where the electrons are
most likely to be found.

BASIC STRUCTURE OF AN
ATOM
1. Nucleus
Is a tiny, positive, massive, central part of the
atom
Discovered by Ernest Rutherford
Contains proton and neutron

2. Atomic Number (Z)

Refers to the number of proton in an atom.
( Since atom is neutral then it will have the same
number of proton and electron)

BASIC STRUCTURE OF AN
ATOM
3. Mass Number (A)
Refers to the sum total of the number of
proton and neutron in the nucleus

4. Atomic Weight
Refers to the average mass of all the
isotopes of the element.

Location of Electrons
1. Energy levels
Circular concentric path where electrons are located
Describes the general distance of electron from the
nucleus( as the electrons get farther from the nucleus,
the higher is the energy)
Represented by letters K,L,M,N,O,P and so on or
whole numbers 1,2,3,4,5,6 and so on
To know the maximum number of electrons in each
energy level, use the formula 2n2
The outermost energy level in an atom is known as
VALENCE SHELL, and the electrons in the valence
shell is called VALENCE ELECTRON

Location of Electrons
2. Energy Sublevel
Designated by letters s,p,d,f
s- sublevel is spherical in shape, can hold a
maximum of 2 electrons
p-sublevel has a dumb bell shape, can hold a
maximum of 6 electrons
d-sublevel shaped like a 4-clover leaf, can hold
a maximum of 10 electrons
f-sublevel has a complex structure to have an
illustration, can hold a maximum of 14 electrons

Location of Electrons
3. Orbital
Region in space around the nucleus where the
probability of finding the electron is greatest.
Each sublevel has a set of orbitals;
s = 1 orbital
p = 3 orbitals
d = 5 orbitals
f = 7 orbitals
Each orbital can hold a maximum of 2 electrons

ELECTRON CONFIGURATION
Refers to the probable distribution of
electron in an atom
Rules:
1. Aufbau Principle states that electron
will successively occupy the available orbital
in increasing energy.

Electronic Configuration
Mnemonic
1s

2s3s4s5s6s7s
2p3p4p5p6p7p
3d4d5d6d7d
4f 5f 6f 7f

Rules in Electron Configuration

2. Hunds Rule of Multiplicity states that
electrons will occupy the available orbital
singly first in the same direction before
pairing up to an electron that spins in
different direction.

Rules in Electron Configuration

3. Paulis Exclusion Principle states that
no two electrons can have the same set of
quantum numbers.