ORGANIZED

GROUP OF PEOPLE, THE AIM IS TO

WIN GOVERNMENT POWER
WIN POLITICAL OFFICE TO EXERCISE GOVERNMENT
POWER
ORGANIZED WITH CARD-CARRYINGMEMBERSHIP
USUALLY BROAD ISSUE FOCUS
UNITED THROUGH SHARED POLITICAL PREFERENCES
AND IDEOLOGY
INTEREST AGGREGATION- BRING VARIOUS

INTEREST TOGETHER

POLITICAL PARTY

LEFT

LIBERTY
EQUALITY,

FRATERNITY,
RIGHTS,
PROGRESS,
REFORM,
INTERNATIONALISM

RIGHT:
AUTHORITY,
HIERARCHY,
ORDER,
DUTIES,
TRADITION,
REACTION,
NATIONALISM

SPECTRUM OF IDEAS AND BELIEFS

ELITE

GROUP RESULTS FROM NEED FOR

SPECIALIZATION
FORM COHESIVE GROUP
RANK AND FILE GENERALLY DISPOSED TO
ACCEPT SUBORDINATION AND VENERATE
LEADERS
Michels (1911)

IRON LAW OF OLIGARCHY

NATIONAL

POLITICAL PARTIES WITH

HIGH PROBABILITY OF JOINING THE 2016
ELECTIONS

Source: Comelec/wikie

Nationali
Nacionalista P
st Party
arty

NP

Manny
Villar

1903

Nationalist People's Coali

tion

NPC

Eduardo C 1991
ojuangco,
Jr.

National Unity Party

NUP

Elpidio B
arzaga

2011

Filipino
nationalism,
liberal
conservatis
m

Social conse
rvatism

Social conse
rvatism
,
Christian de
mocracy

none

20 /
292

5
/
24

Oldest political
party in the
Philippines

none

43 /
292

2
/
24

Offshoot of the
Nacionalista
Party; formerly
known as Partido
Pilipino

none

24 /
292

0
/
24

Offshoot of the
Lakas Kampi CMD

NATIONAL PARTIES
Philippine
name

English
name

People
PowerLakas
Christian
Christian Mu Muslim
slim Democrat Democrat
s
s

Liberal Party

Abbr.

Lakas

LP

Leader

Ferdinan
d Martin
Romuald
ez

Joseph E
milio Ab
aya

Founded

Ideology

2008

Christian
democracy,
Islamic
democracy

1946

Classical
liberalism,
social
liberalism

International

Seats
in the
lower
house

14 /
Centrist Democr
292
at Internationa
l

Liberal Internat
ional
,
Council of Asia
n Liberals and
Democrats

110 /
292

Seats
in the
upper h
ouse

Notes

2
/
24

Formerly known
as Lakas Kampi
CMD; merged
from original
LakasCMD and
KAMPI

4
/
24

Originally the
Nacionalista
Party; member of
the Aquino-Laurel
UNIDO (1986)

United Nationalist Allianc

e

UNA

Toby Tia
ngco

2012
(coalition),
2015
(party)

Conservatis
m
,
social conse
rvatism

none

8/
292

5
/
24

Formerly an
electoral alliance
of thePMP and
the PDP-Laban

DECLINE OF PARTIES

RISE

OF SINGLE-ISSUE GROUPS
SOCIAL MOVEMENTS

COMELEC REGULATORY
EXPENDITURE LIMIT
Sec. 101. Limitations upon expenses of
political parties. - A duly accredited political party
may spend for the election of its candidates in the
constituency or constituencies where it has official
candidates an aggregate amount not exceeding the
equivalent of one peso and fifty centavos (PhP
1.50) for every voter currently registered therein.
Expenses incurred by branches, chapters, or
committees of such political party shall be included
in the computation of the total expenditures of the
political party.

For candidates. - Ten pesos

(P10.00) for President and VicePresident; and for other candidates
Three Pesos (P3.00) for every voter
currently registered in the
constituency where he filed his
certificate of candidacy: Provided,
That a candidate without any political
party and without support from any
political party may be allowed to
spend Five Pesos (P5.00) for every
such voter; and
For political parties. - Five pesos
(P5.00) for every voter currently
registered in the constituency or
constituencies where it has official
candidates.

"Sec. 95. Prohibited

contributions. - No contribution
for purposes of partisan political
activity shall be made directly or
indirectly by any of the following:
Public or private financial institutions:
Provided, however, That nothing herein
shall prevent the making of any loan to a
candidate or political party by any such
public or private financial institutions legally
in the business of lending money, and that
the loan is made in accordance with laws
and regulations and in the ordinary course
of business;
Natural and juridical persons
operating a public utility or in
possession of or exploiting any
natural resources of the nation;

Natural and juridical persons who

hold contracts or sub-contracts to
supply the government or any of
its divisions, subdivisions or
instrumentalities, with goods or
services or to perform
construction or other works;
Natural and juridical persons who
have been granted franchises,
incentives, exemptions,
allocations or similar privileges or
concessions by the government
or any of its divisions,
subdivisions or instrumentalities,
including government-owned or
controlled corporations;

and juridical persons who, within

one year prior to the date of the
election, have been granted loans
or other accommodations in
excess of P100,000 by the
government or any of its
divisions, subdivisions or
instrumentalities including
government-owned or controlled
corporations;

Educational institutions which have

received grants of public funds
amounting to no less than
P100,000.00;

Officials or employees in the Civil

Service, or members of the Armed
Forces of the Philippines; and

Foreigners and foreign corporations.