SYNTACTICAL

ELEMENTS

SYNTAX

The study of how words combine to make

sentences.
The organization of words in sentences:
the ordering of and relationship between
the words and other structural elements
in phrases and sentences

SYNTACTICAL ELEMENTS
PHRASES
CLAUSES
SENTENCES

PHRASE

Refers to a group of words which does

not have a subject and a predicate but
functions in a sentence as one part of
speech

KINDS OF PHRASES

Prepositional Phrase

Participial Phrase

Gerund Phrase

Infinitive Phrase

Kinds of Phrases

Prepositional Phrase
- a group of words made up of a
preposition and a noun or pronoun called
the object of the preposition
Examples:
in the shop
over the counter

Kinds of Phrases

Participial Phrase
- a group of words acting as an adjective and
modifying a noun or pronoun
- a participle is the ed or the ing form of a
verb
Example:
broken parts
machining operation
reported incidents

Kinds of Phrases

Gerund Phrases
- Gerund is a single word with ing used
as a noun.
- functions as a modifier or complement
as a gerund phrase
Example:
Instructing technicians properly
Making decisions in a job

Kinds of Phrases

Infinitive Phrases
- consists of an infinitive and any modifiers
or complements associated with it.
- act as adjectives, adverbs, and nouns
Examples:
to work on a project
to layout a plan
to present reports

Main Classification of
Phrases

Nouns Phrases
- a phrase whose head is noun
Example:
All graduates of TUP Visayas had undergone
training in various industries.

Verb Phrases
- a phrase whose head is a verb
Example:
The foreman instructs a number of mechanical
trainees.

Main Classification of
Phrases

Adjectival Phrase
- a phrase with adjectives as head
Example
A box full of tools were provided to the
trainees.
The box is full of tools.

Main Classification of
Phrases

Adverbial Phrases
- a linguistic term for a phrase with an
adverb as a head.
Example:
The supervisor modestly introduced the
president of the company.

CLAUSE

A group of words consisting of a subject

and a predicate, although, in non-infinite
clauses, the subject is often not explicitly
given.
It can either be a whole sentence or in
effect a sentence within a sentence

KINDS

Independent Clause
- can stand by itself as a grammatically
viable simple sentence.
Example:
The supervisor directs his foreman, who
function as his eyes and ears in the job.

KINDS

Dependent Clause
- aka Subordinate Clause
- cannot stand alone as a sentence
- begins with a subordinating conjuction
- does not express a complete idea.
Example:
His tools were made of hardened alloys
that gave me confidence in my shop work.

Classification

Adjectival Clause

Introduced by an adjective
Example:
I kept the hammer, which I borrowed from the
stock room officer.

Adverbial Clause

Introduced by an adverb
Example:
I worked overtime when my quota had to be
met.

SENTENCE

A word or group of words that present a

complete idea and contains a subject
and a predicate
Kinds of Sentence According to Function

Declarative Sentences
Interrogative Sentences
Imperative Sentences
Exclamatory Sentences

Kinds of Sentences
(Structure)

Simple Sentence

Compound Sentence

Doing new assignment is challenging but it must

be performed.

Complex Sentence

Operating the lathe machine is quite difficult.

Whether he likes it or not, the recruit must carry

on the work.

Compound-complex Sentence

If the evaluation team comes, we are prepared

and we are ready.

Basic Sentence Patterns

S
S
S
S
S

+
+
+
+
+

IV (Adverb)
LV + SC
TV + DO
TV + IO + DO
TV + DO + OC

VOICE
Indicates whether the subject of the
sentence is the doer or the receiver
of the action
Kinds of Voice

Active Voice ( Subject is the doer)

The

lineman lectures Safety First to the interns.

Passive Voice (Subject is the receiver)

The

students were lectured by the linesman on

Safety First.