Electric Charge

Two positive charges or two

negative charges repel each
other. A positive charge and
a negative charge attract
each other.

Conductors, Insulators, and

Induced Charges
Copper is a good conductor
of electricity; nylon is a
good insulator.

 Electrical conductors are materials in which

electric charges move freely, whereas electrical
insulators are materials in which electric charges
cannot move freely.
Semiconductors are a third class of materials, and
their electrical properties are somewhere between
those of insulators and those of conductors.
Silicon and germanium are well-known examples
of semiconductors commonly used in the
fabrication of a variety of electronic devices, such as
transistors and light-emitting diodes.

Charging by
Induction

The charges within the molecules of an

insulating material can shift slightly. Benda
yang Bermuatan Dapat Mengerahkan Gaya
pada Benda yang Tidak Bermuatan,
sedemikian hingga terjadi Polarisasi
Muatan pada Benda Netral

A. Coulombs Law
1.
The Electric Force Between Two Point Charges
The magnitude of the electric force between two point charges is
directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely
proportional to the square of the distance between them.

F12

F12

1 Q1. .Q 2
. r12
2
4 0 r12

Q1

r1

r12 r1 r2

r2

r12 r12
1 Q1 .Q2
F
4 0 r 2

= The proportionality constant

r12
Q2

0 = Vacum permitivity = 8.85 x 10 -12 C2/Nm2

F21

r21 = r2 - r1

r21 r21

r21 - r12

Contoh Soal 1
Terdapat dua benda titik bermuatan listrik, yaitu Q1 = 10 C
terletak pada (2;0) meter dan Q2 = - 5 C terletak pada (5;4)
meter.. Tentukan vektor gaya interaksi colomb yang bekerja
pada muatan Q2 !
y (m)
Jawab

r1 = 2 i + 0 j

r2 = 5 i + 4 j

r21 = r2 - r1
5 i + 4 j - 2 i - 0 j
= 3 i + 4 j
r21 =

Q2

r2

9 + 16

r21

r21 3. i 4. j

r21
5

F21

Q .Q
1
. 1 3 2 . r21
4. . 0 r21

r21

r1 Q1

x (m)

10.5
F21 9x10 9 . 3 . 3. i 4 j N
5

F21 1,8x1010 . r21 N

F21 1,8x1010 N

2. Electric Field

F( r; q )
E( r )
q

y
Q

r1

r21

E PS

FPS

r21
P

r2

r2 r1

r2 r1

Definition of electric field as

electric force per unit charge
1
Q.q
r

2 21
4 0 r2 r1

F
E PS PS
q

E PS

1
Q
4 0 r r 2
2
1

r2 r1

r2 r1

E PS

1
Q
r21
2

4 0 r r
2
1

1
Q

r2 r1
3

4 0 r r
2
1

E PS is electric field at point P by Q charge at point S.r21

Vector
is position vector P relative by S

Electric field lines for three different charge distributions

Contoh soal 2

Suatu muatan sumber sebesar 2 C terletak pada posisi S(1;4) meter. Hitunglah
kuat medan listrik di titik P pada posisi (5;1) meter !

rPS rP rS

JAWAB:
y (m)

rPS ((5 i 1 j ) (1 i 4 j )) m

rPS

rS

rP
O

rPS (4 i 3 j ) m
P

rPS 16 9 5 m

x (m)

1 q

E (r ) E (rP 5i 1 j )
4i 3 j
3
4 0 5

2
9 x10
4 i 3j
125
9

1,44 x10 8 4 i 3j N.C-1

rS 1 i 4 j

rP 5 i 1 j

r
r PS
rPS

3. Electric Potential

Electric Potential at a point is potential energy per unit

charge at that point.

U (r )

V (r ) =
q

r F (r , q)
r

V = V ( r ) - V ( r0 ) = -
.dr = E ( r ) . d r
q
r
r
o

V is deference potential and

is electric field (can
E
defind by Coulomb Law), and V (r0) be choice to ro = ,
because electrik potential at ro = , V ( ) = 0, so:
r

V ( r ) = E ( r ) . dr

Electric field at point P by q charge

can be express like this:

q
r21

r1

EP

r2
O

Figure of electric potential

at point P by point charge
q

1
4 0

3 r2 r1

r2 r1
q

Electric Potential at point P relative

to electric potential at far away can
be express like this:
r21
1
q

VP
r21 d ( r21)

4 0 r r 3

1
q
VP =
4 0 r21

Contoh Soal 3
Terdapat tiga muatan benda titik yang dipasang tetap di tempatnya seperti
ditunjukkan dalam Gambar di bawah ini.
- 4q

Hitunglah besarnya energi potensial

listrik total dari ketiga muatan
tersebut, jika diketahui besar muatan
titik

q = 10- 7 C dan a = 10 cm
+q

+
2q

Jawab:
Besarnya energi potensial listrik total dari susunan muatan-muatan
titik tersebut merupakan jumlah energi potensial listrik masingmasing pasangan muatan titik tersebut.
U = U12 + U13 + U 23

1 ( q ) (- 4q)
(+q) (+2q)
(- 4q) (+2q)
+
+

4 o
a
a
a

10 q 2
4 o a

(9,0 x 109 ) (10) (1,0 x 10- 7 )

0,01

- 9,0 x 10 - 3 J

Contoh Soal 6
Hitunglah besarnya potensial listrik di pusat suatu segi empat kuadratis yang
ditunjukkan oleh Gambar di bawah ini, jika diketahui besarnya muatan listrik

q1 = + 10

-8

q 2 = - 2,0 x 10 - 8 C

q3 = 3,0 x 10 - 8 C

q4 = 2,0 x 10 - 8 C

serta panjang a = 1,0 m. Keempat muatan titik dipasang kuat dan tetap
ditempatnya masing-masing.
a
q2

q1
a
q4

a
q3

Jawab
Karena titik P berada di pusat bujur sangkar,
maka jarak titik P ke muatan-muatan titik adalah
sama yaitu
1
a 2 atau 0,707 m
2

1
q1 + q 2 + q 3 + q 4
V = Vn =
4 o
r
n
(9,0 x 10 9 ) (1,0 - 2,0 + 3,0 + 2,0) x 10 - 8

0,707

500 volt

B. Capacitor
1.Capacitance
Capacitor is capacitive system, mean can keep electric
charge or electric field. Keeping of electric charge by a
capacitor only temporary. That mean, electric charge at
capacitor at any time can be discharged or cleared out.
Consider two conductors carrying charges of equal
magnitude but of opposite sign. Such a combination of
two conductors is called a capacitor. The conductors are
called plates.
Electric charge + Q be keep at positive plate and Electric
charge - Q be keep at negative plate.

a. Parallel Plate Capacitor

A parallel-plate capacitor consists of two parallel conducting
plates, each of area A, separated by a distance d.
+Q
-Q
The Magnitude of electric field being
between both plates A and B is,
A
B

E =
o
The surface charge density on either
S
plate is
Q
+

V = E d

Deference of electric potential between

both plates A and B is,

d = Distance between both plate A and B

coulomb

Q d
d
C Capaci tan ce (
= Farad)
V =
d =

Q
volt
o
A o
o A
A
Q = o V
d

A
Q = C V or C = o
d

2. Combinations of Capacitors
a. Series Combination
C1
a

C2

CSeries Equivalent

C3
d

b
+

Q
=
V

V Vae Vab Vbd Vde

Q Q1 Q 2 Q 3

Q
C1

The equivalent capacitance of a

series combination is always
less than any individual
capacitance in the combination.

Q
C2

Q
C3

1
1
1

C2
C3
C1

Q
V
1

Q
C1

1
CSeries Equivalent

1
C2

1
C3

1
1
1

C1
C2
C3

b. Parallel Combination
C1
C2
C3
+

CParallel Equivalent

Q
=
V

Q1

Q2

V1 V2 V3 V
Q

= C1 V

+ C2 V + C3 V

Q
C1 C2 C 3
V

C Parallel Equivalent

C1 C2 C3

The equivalent capacitance of a parallel combination of

capacitors is greater than any of the individual
capacitances.

Q3

3. Energy Stored in a Charged Capacitor

W
V
q
W Vq

E
dq

dW = dq V(q)
q
V(q) =
C
q
1
dW = dq

q dq
C
C

d
+

The work done W in

charging the
Q
Q1
1 1 2
W = dW q dq
Q - 0 capacitor appears as
C 2
0
0C
electric potential
1 Q2
W =
energy U
2 C
stored in the capacitor

Thus, electric potential energy U stored in the

capacitor is
2
1 Q
U = W =
2 C

1 C2 V2
U =
2
C
A
C =
d

Because Q = C V, so

1
C V 2 For parallel plate capacitor with
2
dielectrics,

1 A 2
U =

v
2 d
V
1
V2 1
E =
U = A d 2 A d E2
d
2
d
2
1
1
E 2 A d E 2 volume
2
2
Electric potential energy stored in the
capacitor per unit volume u
U
1
u =
=
E2
volume
2

Contoh soal 7
Suatu kapasitor terbuat dari plat-plat sejajar yang
berjarak serba sama satu sama lain sebesar 0,1 cm.
Jika kapasitor tersebut berisi udara, hitunglah luas platplat kapasitor itu agar supaya menghasilkan
kapasitansi sebesar 2 farad !
Jawab
A
C = o
d
C d
A =

o
Contoh soal
8

2 x 10

8,9 x 10

-3

- 12

2,25 x 10

Suatu kapaitor plat sejajar berisi udara. Kedua plat tersebut

berjarak serba sama sebesar 10 mm, dan luas penampangnya
100 cm 2. . Suatu bahan dielektrik yang konstantanya 7,
disisipkan diantara kedua plat tersebut. Jika suatu sumber
tegangan listrik sebesar 100 volt dipasang pada kapasitor
sebelum disisipi dielektrik, kemudian sumber tersebut diputus,
maka hitunglah (a). kapasitansi kapasitor sebelum bahan
dielektrik disisipkan, (b). jumlah muatan bebas yang tersimpan.,
(c). medan listrik di antara kedua plat, dan (d). medan listrik
pada bahan dielektrik

Jawab
a. Ketika dihubungkan dengan sumber tegangan listrik,
kapasitor belum disisipi bahan dielektrik, sehingga
kapasitansinya adalah :
Co

A
= o
d

8,9 x 10

- 12

10

x 10

-2

-2

= 8,9 x 10

- 12

farad

= 8,9 pF

b. Jumlah muatan yang tersimpan dalam kapasitor adalah :

q = C o V = 8,9 x 10

- 12

x 100 = 8,9 x 10

- 10

Jumlah muatan listrik yang tersimpan ini sebelum bahan

dielektrik disisipkan. Karena pemasangan bahan dielektrik
dilakukan setelah pengisian yang dalam soal disebutkan
adanya pemutusan hubungan dengan sumber tegangan,
maka walaupun bahan dielektrik disisipkan tidak
mempengaruhi jumlah muatan tersebut.

c. Medan listrik di antara dua plat adalah :

Untuk menghitung medan listrik di antara kedua plat
digunakan hukum Gauss. Dari hukum Gauss tersubut
diperoleh persamaan :
- 10

Eo =

o A

8,9 x 10

8,9 x 10

- 12

x 10

-2

= 10

Begitu pula untuk medan listrik Eo ini tidak berubah

walaupun disisipi bahan dielektrik, sebab penyisipan
bahan dielektrik setelah pemutusan hubungan dengan
sumber tegangan listrik. Nampak bahwa kuat medan
listrik Eo sebanding dengan jumlah muatan q. Sehingga
jika jumlah muatan q tidak berubah, maka besar kuat
medan listrik Eo juga tidak berubah besarnya.

d. Medan listrik di dalam bahan dielektrik adalah

E =

q
=
A

10 4

= 1,4 x 10

q
e A
3

Eo
=
e
V

E. The Current
1.The Current and The Current Dencity
The current is the net charge flowing through the area per unit time.

dq
I =
dt
Unit of current is coulomb/secon or ampere (A)
Current have oposite direction with the flow of electron. Current
flows from higher to lower electric potential.
The current dencity J is The current per unit cross-sectional area .

I
J = ampere / m 2
A

dq

v dt

Magnitude of charge dencity can be expres,

dq
d (vol)

dq = A v dt

dq = d (vol)

Suppose there are n moving charged particles per unit volume.

We call n the concentration of particles; its SI unit is m -3

= n q

dq
= I = n q A v
dt

dq = n q A v dt

I
=Jn q v
A

v = drift velocity

For two kind of charges: J = n q v + n q v

1
1
1
2
2
2
For metal:

J = n e v

e = electron' s charge

2. Ohms Law
This figure below is A conductor with uniform cross section. The
current density is uniform over any cross section, and the electric
field is constant along the length.
I
P
Q
When Ohm's law is obeyed, p is
E

constant and independent of the

magnitude of `the electric field,
so E is directly proportional to J.

V
I J. A
.A
L

V
R

L
R
A

V
J = E
J=
L
A
A
1
I
.V
.V with
L
L

R is resintance, A is the crosssectional area , L is lenght, is

resistivity , dan is conductivity

3. Joules Law
a

b
I

Section of conductor a-b has potential

defference V, flowed current I.
Potential Va higher than potentialVb, so
Va - Vb = V.

Because current I is constant, so drift velocity at a equal with at b. If

carrier of charges dq flow under electric potential V, so that charges
find energy increases dU = V dq.
Because the current I is constant, V constant to, so there is not
change kinetic energy, althought get energy increases dU = V dq.
That energy increases change became heat energy. That energy
accepted metal with power:

dU
dq
P

. V I .V
dt
dt

Because V = i.R, so :

P I2 . R

V2
R

 Power P is power dissipatedI in the resistor R when

flowed current I.
Heat energy dissipate at time interval dt is :

dQ I2 . R.dt

Q I2 . R.dt

At source of electric voltage, current gets power:

+

P .I

Power dissipated at conductor with resintance R when flowed

current I is:

P I .R

4. Direct-Current Circuits
a. Conservation Law of charges and Conservation Law of
Energy in Simple Electric Circuit.
;r
P

+ -

I
Va

Vb

Energy conservation law :

Power give to current equal with
power was disappear.

. I I 2 . r I 2 . R
I r R

rR

2
Quantity
(
.I
)
is
power
give
to
current,
I
. R is
I
disappear power to external resistance R,
whereas I2. r is disappear power to internal
resistance r.
A potential gain of : is associated with the emf (electromotive force

The potential Vab , called the terminal voltage.

b. Electric Potential Defference at

electric Circuit
Va

Vb

R
-

+ -

1 ; r1

2 ;
r2
Base to energy conservation law, when
current there at point a,
its has power I.Va, then occurred power disappear at resintor R
and the internal resistance of the potential source between a dan
b, at first potential source obtained power ( I 1 ) and at second
potential source occurred power disappear ( I 2.), finally at point b
power rest I.Vb.

I. Va I2 . R I2 . r1 I2 . r2 I. 1 I 2 I. Vb

An agreement in this equation use is:

a.
Positif direction is from a to b.
b.
Emf and current I have same direction with the
direction of a to b given positive sign and reverse given
negative sign.
I. Va I2 R r1 r2 I 1 2 I. Vb

Va I R r1 r2 1 2 Vb

Va Vb I R r1 r2 1 2

Vab I. R

5. Kirchhoffs Rules
a. Kirchhoff Junction Rule
a
I

I1

I2

in

I out

I I1 I 2

The algebraic sum of the currents into any junction is zero

B. Kirchhoff Loop Rule

Vab I. R
We can say that circuit closed or loop (is any closed conducting path), if point
a and point b encountered, so between point a and b there is no potential
defference, or Va = Vb. or Vab = 0. Thus, at loop hapen,

I. R

b I R R r r ( )
1
2
1
2
1
2

1 2 I R1 R 2 r1 r2

I
d

2 ;
r2

1 ;
r1

6. Combinations of Resistors
a. Series Combination
a

R
1

R
4

e
Requivalent = Rseries = R1 + R2 + R3 + R4
Rtotal equivalent = R1 + R2 + R3 + R4 +r

I
;

With Kirchhoff.s Loop Rule we can define equation like this:

I R1 R 2 R 3 R 4 r
I. r I. R1 I. R 2 I. R 3 I. R 4

I. r Vab Vbc Vcd Vde

Component ( - I.r) called the terminal voltage, those

magnitude equal with electric potential used by external
resistors.

b. Parallel Combination

I1

R1

I2

R2

I3

R3

The current through each resistor

need not be the same.
Large Resistance flowed small
current, conversely small resistance
flowed large current.
The potential difference between the
terminals of each resistor must be
the same and equal to Vab.

;
r
1
Vab
Vab
Vab
1
1
I I1 I2 I3

Vab

R1
R2
R3
R1 R 2 R 3

1
Requivalent

1
1
1

R1 R2 R3

With Kirchhoffs Loop Rule we can define current:

R ekivalen r

C. Loop Analysis at Combinations of Resistors

R1

I1
D

Loop
1
R6

2 ;
r2

1 ;
r1
R

R2

4 ;

I2
F

3 ;
r3
Loop
2
R7

5 ;

R5
I3
C

Loop I :
= IR

1 + 2 4 I1 (R1 R 3 R 6 r1 r4 ) I 2 ( R 4 r2 )
Loop II :

= IR
2 3 5 I 3 (R 2 R 5 R 7 r3 r5 ) I 2 ( R 4 r2 )
I 2 = I1 + I 3

Contoh soal 9
Jika dalam rangkaian Gambar di atas diketahui R 1 = R2 =
R3 = R5 = 10 , R6= R7 = 20 , R4 = 15 , r1 = r2 = r3 = r4
= r5 = 1 , 1 = 6 V, 2 = 4 = 12 V, 3 = 20 V, dan 5 = 30
V. Hitunglah kuat arus listrik yang mengalir dalam
rangkaian tersebut !

Loop I :
= IR
1 + 2 4 I1 (R1 R 3 R 6 r1 r4 ) I 2 ( R 4 r2 )
6 + 12 + 12 = I1 ( 10 + 10 + 20 + 1 + 1 ) + I2 ( 15 + 1 )
30 = I1 (42) + I2 (16)
(I)

Loop II :

= IR
2 3 5 I 3 (R 2 R 5 R 7 r3 r5 ) I 2 ( R 4 r2 )

20 - 12 = - I3 (10 + 10 + 20 + 1 + 1) - I2 (15 + 1)
= - I3 (42) - I2 (16)

I 2 = I1 + I 3

III

Dari persamaan (I) dan (III) diperoleh :

30 = (I2 - I3) (42) + I2 (16) atau 30 = I2 (58) - I3 (42)
(IV)
Dari persamaan (II), (III), dan (IV) diperoleh :
I2 = 1 A , I3 = 0,67 A, dan I1 = 0,33 A

(II)