Fisika Matahari dan Cuaca

Antariksa
Dhani Herdiwijaya
Astronomy Division, Solar Terrestrial Physics Research
Group
dhani@as.itb.ac.id

Outline
1.

Pendahuluan

2.

Interaksi Bumi Matahari

3.

Pengaruh Aktivitas Matahari

terhadap Cuaca

Matahari: Bintang Kecil dalam Gelembung dalam Ruang

Antar Bintang ~106 thn lalu
Sun

moves
towards l~28o,
b~+32o, V~13.4
km/s

(Dehnen Binney 1998)

Local Bubble
densities:
nHI<0.0005 cm-3
nHII~0.005 cm-3
T~106 K

The Sun: 8 minutes star

Atmosfer Matahari

Image credit: T. T. Arny, Explorations: An Introduction to Astronomy

Medan Magnetik Matahari

1996

2000

Bintang Kecil
The

Sun is a normal star: middle aged (4.5

Gyr) main sequence star of spectral type G2

The

Sun is a special star: it is the only star on

which we can resolve the spatial scales on
which fundamental processes take place.

The

Sun is a special star: it provides almost

all the energy to the Earth

The

Sun is a special star: it provides us with a

unique laboratory in which to learn about
various branches of physics.

Fisika Matahari

Sun-Earth relations:
climate, space weather

Cosmic rays, local

interstellar medium

Turbulence,
dynamos

Solar planets,
extrasolar planets

Plasma physics

Cool stars: activity,

structure & evolution

Atomic/molecular
physics
Fundamental physics:
Neutrinos, Gravitation

The Heliosphere

Interaksi dalam Heliosfer

(Figure from ACE web site)

Matahari dan Gravitasi

Curved

light path in solar gravitational field Test

of General Relativity

Red

shift of solar spectral lines Test of EEP

Oblate

shape of Sun Quadrupol moment of solar

gravitational field: Test of Brans-Dicke theory (R.
Mecheri)

Comparison

of solar evolution models with

observations Limits on evolution of fundamental
constants

Polarization

of solar spectral lines: Tests

gravitational birefringence Tests of equivalence
principle & alternative theories of gravity (O. Preuss)

Heliosphere

Cuaca Antariksa:
Interaksi Matahari dalam
Lingkungan Bumi
Conditions on the sun and in the solar wind,
magnetosphere, ionosphere, and thermosphere that can
influence the performance and reliability of space-borne
and ground-based technological systems as well as
endanger human life and health
Space Weather Terms of Reference 1998

X-ray and Proton Events

Coronal Mass Ejection

Cuaca Antariksa (Space Weather)

PHENOMENA

DOMAIN
ALTITUD
E
(KM)

ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION

SOLAR ACTIVITY

10,000

ENERGETIC CHARGED
PARTICLES

1,000

GEOMAGNETIC STORMS
MAGNETOSPHERE
H+
eeO+

CHARGED PARTICLE CURRENTS

RELEVANCE
SATELLITE
OPERATIONS

SPACECRAFT
SURVEILLANCE

ELECTRON DENSITY

O+
e-

SCINTILLATION

100
IONOSPHERE

NEUTRAL DENSITY
THERMOSPHERE
10

AURORA
SOLAR RFI

MISSILE
WARNING

NAVIGATION
COMMUNICATIONS

The Earths magnetosphere

Figure from ACE web site

Aurora

Solar Wind Flows out from the corona

Continuously, in all directions
Impacts Earths magnetic field

Earths
magnetosphere

Image credit: K. Endo, Nikkei Science Inc.

Kecepata
n (km/s)

100
0

100
0

500

500

500

Jml.
Bintik

150
100
50

500

1000

100
0

Outward
IMF
Inward IMF
S

1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004 Gambar 1 Kecepatan angin matahari bergantung siklus bintik matahari (11 thn).

Solar Magnetic Fields

Solar
storms!

Solar Flares

Coronal mass ejections (CME)

Solar Energetic Particles (SEP)

A Coronal Mass Ejection (CME)

MHD model coronal magnetic field

close
d

ope
n

Linker et al., JGR, 104, 9809,

1999

Medan magnetik terbuka

MHD model field

during Ulysses
crossing of
ecliptic in early

Mikic & Linker,

1999

Plasma and fields in the inner solar

system

Earth

Magnetic Configurations
Spiral
Bottleneck
2000 July 14
[Bieber et al. 2002]

Loop
1989 Oct 22
[DR et al. 2006]

SID Monitor of Stanford SOLAR Center, Stanford U

Image Credit: NOAAs Space Environment Topics: Radio Wave Propagation

Vocabulary
SID: Sudden Ionospheric Disturbance
VLF: Very Low Frequency ~10 kHz

Shock Acceleration Theory for Space Weather Forecasting !

Shock
C
M
E

GCR =
Galactic
Cosmic
Rays
(from outside
the solar
system)

Inside (after the

shock has passed)

Outside (before
the shock comes)

fewer GCR particles

due to reflection by the
shock

GCR in large
numbers

Converging and Diverging Magnetic Fields

In a converging or diverging magnetic field, pitch angle of a

charged particle changes systematically.

If the particle encounter a strong enough magnetic field, it

can bounce backward. This phenomenon is called magnetic

mirroring.

(Jackson 1975 and http://www.estec.esa.nl

Comparison with EM timing

EMISSION

APR. 15, 2001

START

PEAK

Relativistic Protons

13:42

Soft X-rays

START

PEAK

13:48

11:03

11:41

13:11

13:42 13:47

10:52 c

11:02

11:16

H-alpha

13:28

13:41

15:27

09:53

11:57

14:12

Type III radio burst

13:36

13:38

CME liftoff b

13:24-31

Type II radio burst

13:40

13:47

10:54

11:03

Type IV radio burst

13:44

14:57

10:25

15:23

Main peak only

Linear - quadratic fits

END

OCT. 28, 2003 a

END

10:53-58

Sudden onset of intense emission

All times are Solar Time or UT minus 8 min. for EM emissions

Image Credit: L. J. Lanzerotti, to be publshed in Springer-P

Solar
Flares

More Ions
(in the
ionosphere)

Disturbance in the
VLF propagated in
the ionosphere

SOLARVARIABILITY
AND
CLIMATE

SOLAR VARIABILITY AND CLIMATE

Solanki&Krivova2002

HASTHEEARTHWARMED?

ClimaticResearchUnit,UK

Pemanasan Global?

Faktor Antrophogenic?

CO2

Faktor Aktivitas Matahari?

Correlationsbetweensolar
activityandclimateindicators
FriisChristensen&
Lassen(1994)
Cyclelength
NHtemperature

IndikatorPengaruhMatahari
H.Avercamp

Correlationsbetweensolar
activityandclimateindicators

SunEarthConnection
PossibleMechanisms

Total irradiance variations:

energy input into the Earth's atmosphere

UV irradiance variations:
changes in stratospheric chemistry
Modulation of cosmic ray flux by solar
magnetism:
changes in cloud cover

VARIABLESUN
1996

2000

PASSAGEOFASUNSPOT
GROUP