CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

USING LAPLACE
TRANSFORM

METHODOLOGY
If the circuit is a linear circuit
YES
Laplace transform of the sources
of excitation: s(t) S(s)
Laplace transform of the all the
elements in the circuit
Find the output O(s) in the
Laplace freq. domain
Obtain the time response O(t) by
taking the inverse Laplace
transform

NO

Stop or approximate
the circuit into a linear
circuit and continue

Examples of nonlinear
circuits:
logic circuits, digital circuits,
or any circuits where the
output is not linearly
proportional to the input.
Examples of linear circuits:
amplifiers, lots of OPM
circuits, circuits made of
passive components (RLCs).
2

THE s-DOMAIN CIRCUITS

Equation of circuit analysis:
integrodifferential equations.
Convert to phasor circuits for AC
steady state.
Convert to s-domain using Laplace
transform.
KVL, KCL, Thevenin,etc.

KIRCHHOFFS VOLTAGE LAW

Consider the KVL in time domain:

v1 (t ) v2 (t ) v3 (t ) v4 (t ) 0
Apply the Laplace transform:

V1 ( s ) V2 ( s ) V3 ( s ) V4 ( s ) 0
4

KIRCHHOFFS CURRENT LAW

Consider the KCL in time domain:

i1 (t ) i2 (t ) i3 (t ) i4 (t ) 0
Apply the Laplace transform:

I1 (t ) I 2 (t ) I 3 (t ) I 4 (t ) 0
5

OHMS LAW
Consider the
Ohms Law in
time domain
Apply the
Laplace
transform

vR (t ) iR (t ) R

VR ( s ) I R ( s ) R
6

INDUCTOR
Inductors voltage
In the time domain:

di
vL (t ) L
dt
In the s-domain:

VL ( s) L[ sI L ( s) iL (0 )]
7

INDUCTOR
Inductors current
Rearrange VL(s) equation:

VL ( s ) i ( 0 )
I L (s)

sL
s

CAPACITOR
Capacitors current
In the time domain:

dv
ic (t ) C
dt
In the s-domain:

I c(s) C[ sVc ( s ) vc (0 )]
9

CAPACITOR
Capacitors voltage
Rearranged IC(s) equation:

sC

Vc(s) 1

s v (0

I c(s) 1

10

RLC VOLTAGE
The voltage across the RLC elements
in the s-domain is the sum of a term
proportional to its current I(s) and a
term that depends on its initial
condition.

VL ( s) L[ sI L ( s) iL (0 )]

sC

Vc(s) 1

s v (0

I c(s) 1

)
11

CIRCUIT ANALYSIS FOR

ZERO INITIAL
CONDITIONS (ICs = 0)

12

IMPEDANCE
If we set all initial conditions to zero,
the impedance is defined as:

V
(
s
)
Z (s)

I (s)

[all initial conditions=0]

13

IMPEDANCE & ADMITANCE

The impedances in
the s-domain are

Z R ( s) R
Z L ( s ) sL
1
Z C ( s)
sC

The admittance is
defined as:

1
YR ( s )
R
1
YL ( s )
sL
YC ( s ) sC
14

Ex.
Find vc(t), t>0
vc (t )

0.5 F

v L (t )

1H

v R (t )

u (t )

15

Obtain s-Domain Circuit

All ICs are zero since there is no
source for t<0
Vc (s)

VL (s )

VR (s )

I (s)

1
s

16

Convert to voltage sourced

s-Domain Circuit
Vc (s)

VL (s )

I (s)

VR (s)

3
s

17

Find I(s)

2
3

By KVL : s 3 I ( s ) 0
s
s

3
I ( s) 2
s 3s 2

18

Find Capacitors Voltage

The capacitors voltage:

2
6
Vc ( s ) I ( s )
2
s
s ( s 3s 2)
Rewritten:

6
6
Vc ( s )

2
s ( s 3s 2) s ( s 1)( s 2)
19

Using PFE
Expanding Vc(s) using PFE:

K3
6
K1 K 2
Vc ( s )

s ( s 1)( s 2)
s s 1 s 2
Solved for K1, K2, and K3:

6
3
6
3
Vc ( s )

s ( s 1)( s 2)
s s 1 s 2
20

Find v(t)
6
3
6
3
Vc ( s )

s ( s 1)( s 2)
s s 1 s 2
Using look up table:

vc (t ) 3 6e

3e

2 t

u (t )
21

Ex.
Find the Thevenin and Norton
equivalent circuit at the terminal of
the inductor.

0 .5 F
1 H

u (t)

22

Obtain s-domain circuit

2 /s
s

1 /s

23

Find ZTH
2 /s
3

Z TH

2
3
s

24

Find VTH or Voc

+
V

2 /s
3

T H

1 /s

VTH

1 3
3
s s

25

Draw The Thevenin Circuit

Using ZTH and VTH:

2 /s

3
+
-

3 /s

26

Obtain The Norton Circuit

The norton current is:

VTH
3
s
IN

Z TH 3 2
3s 2
s
2 /s
3

3 /(3 s + 2 )

27

Ex.
Find v0(t) for t>0.

28

s-Domain Circuit Elements

Laplace
transform
all
circuits
elements

u (t )

1
s

1H sL s
1
3

1
sC

3
s
29

s-Domain Circuit

30

Apply Mesh-Current
Analysis
Loop 1

Loop 2

1
3
3
1 I1 I 2
s
5
s
3
3

0 I1 s 5 I 2
s
s

1 2
I 1 s 5 s 3 I 2
3

31

Substitute I1 into eqn loop 1

1
3 1 2
3
1
s 5s 3 I 2 I 2
s
5 3
s
3
2
3 s 8s 18s I 2

3
I2 3
2
s 8s 18s
32

Find V0(s)

V0 ( s ) sI 2
3
2
s 8s 18
3
2

2
2
2 ( s 4) ( 2 )
33

Obtain v0(t)

3
2
Vo ( s )
2
2
2 ( s 4) ( 2 )

3 4t
v0 (t )
e sin 2t
2
34

Ex.
The input, is(t) for the circuit below is
shown as in Fig.(b). Find i0(t)
is(t)

io (t )
is (t )

1H

(a)

0
(b)

t(s)
35

s-Domain Circuit
I o (s)
I s (s)

36

 Using current divider:

s
I o (s)
I ( s ) (1)
s 1

37

Derive Input signal, Is

is1(t)
is(t)

is2(t)
0

t(sec)

t
38

Obtain Is(t) and Is(s)

Expression for is(t):

is (t ) u (t ) u (t 2)
Laplace transform of is(t):

1 2 s 1 1
2 s
I s (s) e
1 e
s
s s

( 2)
39

 Substitute eqn. (2) into (1):

2 s

s (1 e )
I 0 (s)
s ( s 1)
2 s

1
e

s 1 s 1
40

Inverse Laplace
transform
t

io (t ) e u (t ) e

(t 2)

u (t 2)

41

CIRCUIT ANALYSIS FOR

NON-ZERO INITIAL
CONDITION (ICs 0)

42

TIME DOMAIN TO s-DOMAIN

CIRCUITS
s replaced t in the unknown currents
and voltages.
Independent source functions are
replaced by their s-domain transform
pair.
The initial condition serves as a
second element, the initial condition
generator.
43

THE ELEMENTS LAW OF sDOMAIN

VR ( s ) RI R ( s )

VL ( s ) sLI L ( s ) LiL (0 )
1
1

VC ( s )
I C (s)
vC (0 )
sC
sC
44

THE ELEMENTS LAW OF sDOMAIN

V
(
s
)
R
I R (s)
V
(
s
)
L
I L (s)

i
(
0
)
L

sL
s

I C ( s ) sCV ( s ) CvC (0 )
45

TRANSFORM OF CIRCUITSRESISTOR
In the time
domain:

i(t)

+ v (t)R
v (t)= i(t)R

I (s )
In the s-domain:

+ V (s )R
V (s )= I (s )R

46

TRANSFORM OF CIRCUITSINDUCTOR
In the time domain:

47

TRANSFORM OF CIRCUITSINDUCTOR
Inductors voltage:

Inductors current:

48

TRANSFORM OF CIRCUITSCAPACITOR
In the time domain:

49

TRANSFORM OF CIRCUITSINDUCTOR
Capacitors voltage:

Capacitors current:

50

Ex.
Find v0(t) if the initial voltage is
given as v0(0-)=5 V

51

s-Domain Circuit

52

Apply nodal analysis method

V0 10 ( s 1) Vo Vo

2 0.5
10
10 10 s
V0
Vo sVo
1


2.5
10 s 1 10 10
1
1
Vo ( s 2)
2.5
10
s 1

53

Contd

10
Vo ( s 2)
25
s 1
25s 35
V0
( s 1)( s 2)
54

Using PFE
Rewrite V0(s) using PFE:

25s 35
K1
K2
Vo

( s 1)( s 2) s 1 s 2
Solved for K1 and K2:

K1 10; K 2 15
55

Obtain V0(s) and v0(t)

Calculate V0(s):

10
15
Vo ( s )

s 1 s 2
Obtain V0(t) using look up table:

2 t

vo (t ) (10e 15e )u (t )
56