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CLASSIFICATION:
B) Based on pathogenicity:
1. Common pathogen: Eg- S. aureus
2. Opportunistic pathogens: Eg- S. epidermidis
S. saprophyticus
3. Non pathogen: Eg- S. homonis
STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
MORPHOLOGY:
CULTURE:
Media used :i) Non selective media: Nutrient agar,
Blood agar,
MacConkeys agar.
ii) Selective media: Salt-milk agar,
Ludlams medium
Cultural Characteristics:
i) On nutrient agar- The colonies are large, circular,
convex, smooth, shiny, opaque and easily
emulsifiable. Most strains produce golden yellow
pigments.
Biochemical reactions:
1) Catalase test- Positive.
PATHOGENICITY:
Source of infection:
A) Exogenous: patients or carriers
B) Endogenous: From colonized site
Mode of transmission:
A) Contact: direct or indirect( through fomites)
B) Inhalation of air borne droplets
Virulence factors:
These include
A) Cell associated factors
B) Extracellular factors
B) EXTRACELLULAR FACTORS
a) Enzymes
b) Toxins
a) Enzymes:
1. Free coagulase
2. Catalase
3. Lipase
4. Hyaluronidase
5. DNAase
6. Thermonuclease
7. Staphylokinase (Fibrinolysin)
8. Phosphatase
b) Toxins:
1. Cytolytic toxins
i) Haemolysins
Alpha haemolysin
Beta haemolysin
Gamma haemolysin
Delta haemolysin
Disease:
Diseases produced by Staphylococcus aureus
is studied under 2 groups:
A) Infections
B) Intoxications
A) INFECTIONS:
Mechanism of pathogenesis:
Cocci gain access to damaged skin, mucosal or
tissue site
Colonize by adhering to cells or extracellular matrix
Evade the host defense mechanisms and multiply
Cause tissue damage
Folliculitis
Furuncle
(boil)
Carbuncle
Styes
Abscess
Impetigo
Wound infection
Paronychia
Cellulitis
osteomyelitis
Endocarditis
B) INTOXICATIOINS:
The disease is caused by the bacterial exotoxins,
which are produced either in the infected host
or preformed in vitro.
There are 3 types1.
2.
3.
Food poisoning
Toxic shock syndrome
Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome
1) Food poisoning:
Types of SSSS:
Severe form
In new born
Milder form
Ritters disease
Pemphigus neonatorum
Bullous impetigo
LAB DIAGNOSIS:
Specimens collected: Depends on the type of infection.
Methods of examination:
I) Direct microscopy:
Direct microscopy
with Gram stained
smear is useful in case
of pus, where cocci in
clusters are seen.
II) Culture:
a) Media used:
b) Cultural Characteristics:
c) Gram staining:
Smears are examined
from the culture plate
and reveals Gram
positive cocci(1m in
diameter) arranged in
grape like clusters.
d) Biochemical reactions:
III) Antibiotic sensitivity tests done as a guide to
treatment.
IV) Bacteriophage typing is done for
epidemiological purposes.
V) Serological tests are not useful.
TREATMENT:
Drug resistance is common.
Benzyl penicillin is the most effective antibiotic,
if the strain is sensitive.
Cloxacillin or Methicillin is used against
beta-lactamase producing strains.
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) strains have become common.
Vancomycin is used in treatment of infections
with MRSA strains.
EPIDEMIOLOGY:
PREVENTION:
S. Epidermidis:
S.saprophyticus:
S.aureus
S.epidermididis
S.saprophyticus
Coagulase
Novobiocin
sensitivity
Sensitive
Sensitive
Resistant
Acid from
mannitol
fermentation
anaerobically
Phosphatase
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