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Introduction to

Microbiology

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Microbiology

Micros + bio+ logos = Microbiology


(small) (life) (study of)

₡ the study of organisms that are usually too


small to be seen by the unaided eye;

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Why is it important to study
microorganisms?

 Abundance
 Negative
impact on humans
Disease
Food Spoilage
Biodegradation

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Why is it important to study
microorganisms?

Positive impact on Humans


 Biodegradation (toxic wastes)
 Food Production
 Food Source
 Element Recycling
 Production of Industrial and Medical Products
 Genetically-engineered Microorganisms (GEMs)

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Brief History

 Robert Hooke – Father of Cell Theory


 Antoni van Leeuwenhoek – first to actually
observe live microorganisms
 Spontaneous Generation
– Hypothesis that some forms of life could arise
spontaneously from non-living matter

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Brief History: Golden Age
 Louis Pasteur – Father of Microbiology; wine
pasteurization
 Robert Koch – first to prove the Germ Theory
of Disease (Microorganisms might cause
disease)
 Ignaz Semmelweis – advocated handwashing
to prevent transmission of childbirth fever
 Joseph Lister – Father of Antiseptic Surgery

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Brief History: Golden Age

Edward Jenner

Pioneer of smallpox
vaccination and the Father
of Immunology

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/jenner_edward.shtml

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Brief History: Golden Age

Paul Ehrlich

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich
Made the first synthetic
chemotherapeutic drug
(salvarsan)
Coined the term
“chemotherapy”

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Brief History: Golden Age

http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1945/fleming-bio.html
Sir Alexander Fleming

Discovered penicillin

Nobel Prize Winner in 1945


for Medicine

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Branches of Microbiology
Science Area of Study
Bacteriology Bacteria
Mycology Fungi
Protozoology Protozoa
Phycology Simple algae
Virology Viruses
Microbial morphology Detailed structure
Microbial physiology Antibiotics & toxins, chemical & physical agents on microbial
growth
Microbial genetics Genetic information
Microbial ecology Microorganisms & their habitat
Microbial taxonomy Classification; naming & identification of microorganisms

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Branches of Microbiology
Science Area of Study
Immunology Immunity
Medical microbiology Disease of humans and animals
Public health microbiology Control of the spread of communicable diseases
Industrial microbiology Microorganisms used to make industrial products
Food and dairy microbiology Microbial spoilage of food & transmission of food-
borne diseases
Agricultural microbiology Impact of microorganisms on agriculture
Molecular biology How genetic information of microorganisms regulate
the development & function of cells & organisms

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Diseases Caused by Bacteria
 Diphtheria  Gonorrhea
 Meningitis  Tetanus
 Pneumonia  Leptospirosis
 Tuberculosis  Plague
 Dental caries  Acne
 Cholera
 Leprosy
 Staphylococcal food
poisoning  Gangrene
 Typhoid fever  Anthrax

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Diseases Caused by Fungi
 Aflatoxin poisoning
 Ergot poisoning
 Ringworm of the feet
(athlete’s foot)
 Dandruff
 Meningitis
 Candidiasis

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Diseases Caused by Protozoans
 Malaria
 Amoebiasis
 Giardiasis
 African sleeping
sickness
 Chagas’ disease

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Diseases Caused by Helminths
 Schistosomiasis
 Ascariasis
 Trichinosis
 Tapeworm infestations
 Pinworms
 Hookworms

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Diseases Caused by Viruses
 AIDS (Acquired  Encephalitis
Immunodeficiency  Yellow fever
Syndrome)
 Warts
 Dengue
 Smallpox
 Influenza
 Chickenpox  Mumps
 Measles  Hepatitis
 Poliomyelitis
 Rabies

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Taxonomy

 Science of biological classification


 Useful for:
– Classification
– Nomenclature
– Identification

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Scientific Nomenclature

 Carolus Linnaeus, 1753


 Scientific name: Genus name + species
 Capitalizegenus
 Underline or italicize both genus and species
 May use initial for genus after first use

Example:
Homo sapiens OR Homo sapiens

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Taxonomy: Genus

 Shape and/or arrangement


Staphylococcus Bacillus
Vibrio Micrococcus
 In honor of persons

Pasteurella Erwinia
Eschericia Shigella

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Taxonomy: Species

 Disease

Vibrio cholerae
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Klebsiella pneumoniae
 Pigment

Staphylococcus aureus
Micrococcus luteus

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Taxonomy: Species

 Placeisolated from
Streptomyces venezuelae
Lactobacillus sanfrancisco
Leptospira manillae

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Hierarchy of Taxonomic Rank

 Kingdom
 Division or Phylum
 Class
 Order
 Family
 Genus
 Species

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Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
Characteristic Prokaryote Eukaryote
Size of cell 0.20 – 2.0μm in diameter 10 – 100μm in diameter

Nucleus No nuclear membrane True nucleus (nuclear


membrane & nucleoli)
Membrane-bounded Absent Present
organelles
Flagella Consist of 2 protein Complex; consist of multiple
building blocks microtubules
Glycocalyx Present as capsule or Present in some cells that lack
slime layer cell wall
Cell wall Usually present; When present, chemically
chemically complex simple
(peptidoglycan)
Plasma membrane No carbohydrates & Sterols & carbohydrates that
lacks sterols serve as receptors
Five-Kingdom System

₡ Monera (Prokaryote), Protista, Fungi, Plantae,


Animalia
₡ The four eukaryotic kingdoms are distinguished
according to:
₡ Nutritional requirements
₡ Patterns of development
₡ Tissue differentiation
₡ Presence of “9+2” flagella

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Five-Kingdom System
Kingdom Uni/Multi cellular Nutrient Source Flagella? Example

Protista Uni - Yes Protozoa

Fungi Uni/Multi Absorbed dissolved No Mushroom


organic matter

Plantae Multi Generated through Yes Plants


photosynthesis

Animalia Multi Ingestion of organic Yes Animals


matter

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References
 Talaro KP. (1999). Foundations in Microbiology: An
Introduction. (1994). USA: The Benjamin/Cummings
Publishing Company, Inc.
 Tortora GJ, BR Funke & CL Case. (1995).
Microbiology: An Introduction. Bridge Parkway, CA:
The Benjamin Cummings Publishing Company, Inc.
 Badon, M. General Microbiology - Class Notes.
Accessed at
https://www.uta.edu/biology/badon/classnotes/3444/GMLe
, 2008.

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Acknowledgment

 DFCornago, Instructor, Department of Food


Science and Nutrition, College of Home
Economics, University of the Philippines,
Diliman.

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