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Initiating
Processes
Closing
Processes
Exit phase/
End project
Executing
Processes
Process
Knowledge
Area
Cost
Initiating
Planning
Quality Planning
Executing
Closing
Quality Concepts
Quality vs. Grade
Quality:thedegreetowhichasetofinherentcharacteristicsfulfill
requirements
Qualitylevelthatfailstomeetqualityrequirementsisalwaysa
PROBLEM
Grade:acategoryassignedtoproductorservicehavingthesame
functionalusebutdifferenttechnicalcharacteristics
Lowgrademaynotbeaproblem
Preventionoverinspection
Costofpreventingmistakes<costofcorrecting
Continuousimprovement(Kaizen)
BasedonPDCAcycle
Usingqualityimprovementinitiativese.g.TQM,6sigma
Usingprocessimprovementmodelse.g.OPM3,CMMI,MalcolmBaldrige
Managementresponsibility
Toprovidetheresourceneededtosucceed
Quality Concepts
Gold Plating:givingthecustomerextras
Thispracticeisnotrecommended
Marginal Analysis:lookingforthepointwhere..
benefits/revenuetobereceivedfromimprovingqualityEQUALStheincremental
costtoachievethatquality
Inputs
1. Scopebaseline
2. Stakeholderregister
3. Costperformance
4.
5.
6.
7.
baseline
Schedulebaseline
Riskregister
Enterprise
environmentalfactors
Organizationalprocess
assets
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Costbenefitanalysis
CostofQuality(CoQ)
Controlcharts
Benchmarking
Designofexperiments
Statisticalsampling
Flowcharting
Proprietaryquality
management
methodologies
9. Additionalquality
planningtools
Outputs
1. Qualitymanagement
2.
3.
4.
5.
plan
Qualitymetrics
Qualitychecklists
Processimprovement
plan
Projectdocument
updates
DesignofExperiments(DOE)
Useexperimentationtostatisticallydeterminewhatvariablewillimprovequality
Systematicallychangingalloftheimportantfactors,ratherthanchangingthe
factorsoneatatime
Statisticalsampling
Weneeditsincestudyingentirepopulationwouldtaketoolong,toomuchcost,
betoodestructive
Flowcharting
Usetoseeaprocessorsystemflowsandfindpotentialqualityproblem
Cost of Quality
Costofquality(CoQ)
Lookingatwhatthecostofconformanceandnonconformancetoqualityand
creatinganappropriatebalance
.. should be less
then..
<
Control charts
Upper control limit
Out of control
Assignable/special cause
Specification limit: is
point determines by
customer, not calculated
based on control chart
Output
QualityManagementPlan
Contains:
Projectmanagementmethod
Roleandresponsibilityinmanagingquality
Deliverablemeasurement
Standardformonitoring&controlpurpose
Processreview
Majorcheckpoints
Inspection&acceptancecriteria
Qualitymetrics
Anoperationalthatdescribeshowqualitycontrolprocesswillmeasureit.
Whatarethingsthatimportanttomeasureanddecidewhatmeasurementisacceptable
Qualitychecklists
Alistofitemstoinspect,steptobeperformedandnoteifanydefectsfound
Inputs
1. Projectmanagement
plan
2. Qualitymetrics
3. Workperformance
information
4. Qualitycontrol
measurement
Tools &
Techniques
1. Planqualityand
PerformQualityControl
tools&techniques
2. Qualityaudits
3. Processanalysis
Outputs
1. Organizationalprocess
updates
2. Changerequests
3. Projectmanagement
planupdates
4. Projectdocument
updates
Quality Assurance
Are we using the standard?
Can we improve the standard?
QualityAudits
Toseeifyouarecomplyingwithcompanypolicies,standards&procedures
Determinewhethertheyareusedefficiently&effectively
Identifyallthegoodpracticesbeingimplemented
Identifyallthegaps/shortcomings
Lookfornewlessonlearned&goodpractices
ProcessAnalysis
Includesrootcauseanalysis
plan
Qualitymetrics
Qualitychecklist
Workperformance
measurements
Approvedchange
requests
Deliverables
Organizationalprocess
assets
Tools &
Techniques
1. Causeandeffect
diagrams
2. Controlcharts
3. Flowcharting
4. Histogram
5. Paretochart
6. Runchart
7. Scatterdiagram
8. Statisticalsampling
9. Inspection
10.Approvedchange
requestsreviews
Outputs
1. Qualitycontrol
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
measurements
Validatedchanges
Validateddeliverables
Organizationalprocess
updates
Changerequests
Projectmanagement
planupdates
Projectdocument
updates
Quality Control
CauseandEffectDiagram(IshikawaDiagramorFishboneDiagram)
Helpsstimulatethinking,organizethoughts,andgeneratediscussion
Canbeusetoexplorethefactorsthatwillresultinadesirefutureoutcome
Histogram
Showinghowoftenaparticularproblem/situationoccurred
ParetoChart/Diagram(80/20principle)
Histogramorderedbyfrequencyofoccurrencewhichusedtofocusattentiononthe
mostcriticalissues
80%oftheproblemsaredueto20%ofthecauses
RunChart
Tolookathistoryandseeapatternofvariation
ScatterDiagramRegressionanalysis
BACKUP SLIDES
Important Terms
MutualExclusive:iftwoeventscannotbothoccurinasingletrial
Probability:somethingwilloccur
NormalDistribution:commonprobabilitydensitydistributionchart
Statisticalindependence:theprobabilityofoneeventoccurringdoesnotaffectthe
probabilityofanothereventoccurring
Standarddeviation(orSigma):howfaryouarefromthemean
3or6sigma
Representthelevelofqualityhasdecidedtotrytoachieve
6ishigherqualitystandardthan3
Usedtocalculatetheupperandlowercontrollimitsinacontrolchart
Number of
Percentage of occurrences
between two control limits
68.26%
95.64%
99.73%
99.99985%
Next topic:
Project Human Resource
Management
Thank You