Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Human Brain
Planes of Section
Vertical
Other Directions
Horizontal
Coronal
Sagittal
Horizontal Cuts
Horizontal
Parallel to dorsal-ventral
Perpendicular to rostral-caudal and mediallateral
Coronal Cuts
Coronal
Parallel to rostral-caudal
Perpendicular to medial-lateral and
dorsal-ventral
Sagittal Cuts
Sagittal
Parallel to medial-lateral
Perpendicular to rostral-caudal and
dorsal-ventral
Oblique Cuts
Oblique
Any other angular cut; observed in virtually
all CAT, PET or MRI scans
Superior Surface
Longitudinal fissure
Cerebral Hemispheres
Cerebral Cortex
Gyrus (gyri): ridges of cerebral cortex
Sulcus (sulci): smaller fissures containing
blood vessels
Lateral Surface
Central Sulcus
Separates frontal and parietal lobe on lateral
surface
Lateral sulcus or Sylvian fissure
Separates temporal lobe from frontal and
parietal lobes on lateral surface
No sulcus demarcating occipital lobe on
lateral surface
Inferior Surface
Encephalic Development
Prosencephalon
Telencephalon: Cortex, Basal Ganglia and Limbic
System
Diencephalon: Thalamus and Hypothalamus
Mesencephalon: Midbrain
Rhombencephalon
Metencephalon: Pons
Mylencephalon: Medulla and Cerebellum
Name
Level
Type
Path
Olfactory
Telenceph.
Sensory
(Smell)
Enters
Medial
Optic
Dienceph.
Sensory
(Vision)
Enters
Medial
Oculomotor Mesenceph.
Motor (Eye
Movements)
Exits Medial
Trochlear
Mesenceph.
Motor (Eye
Movements)
Exits Medial
Trigeminal
Metenceph.
Mixed
Lateral Path
Abducens
MetencephMylenceph.
Motor (Eye
Movements)
Exits Medial
Name
Level
Type
Path
Facial
Mylenceph.
Mixed
Lateral Path
VestibuloCochlear
Mylenceph.
Sensory
(Audition)
Enters
Lateral
Glossophar- Mylenceph.
yngeal
Mixed
Lateral Path
10
Vagus
Mylenceph.
Mixed
(Largest)
Lateral Path
11
Spinal
Accessory
Mylenceph.
Motor
(Smallest)
Exits Lateral
12
Hypoglossal Mylenceph.
Motor
Exits Medial
Sensory (Afferents)
1, 2, 8
Motor (Eyes) (Efferents)
3, 4, 6
Motor (Face, Throat)
11, 12
Mixed
5, 7, 9, 10
Cerebellar Peduncles
Superior Cerebellar Peduncle or Brachium
Conjunctivum: connections to thalamus and
basal ganglia
Middle Cerebellar Peduncle or Brachium
Pontis: connections to ventral midbrain,
pons and medulla
Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle or Restiform
Body: afferent connections from spinal cord
Hypothalmo-Hypophysial Portal
System
Paraventricular & Supraoptic Hypothalamus
Neurohypophysial System: MagnocellularMedian eminence, zona interna to infindibular
stalk to posterior lobe- Vasopressin, Oxytocin
release into blood.
Adenohypophysial System: Parvocellular- Median
eminence, zona externa (hypothalamic releasing
factors: e.g., LHRH) to portal system to anterior
and intermediate lobe (pituitary releasing factors:
e.g., LH) into blood acting on target (e.g., ovaryprogesterone).
Medial Surface
Mid-sagittal cut
Central sulcus
Septum pellucidum
Pineal gland
Calcarine sulcus: Macula and Primary
Visual Cortex
Three Means of Interhemispheric
Communication
Corpus callosum
Frontal, parietal, temporal & occipital lobes
Anterior commissure
Medial temporal lobe structures
Posterior commissure
Medial parietal and mesencephalic
subcortical structures
Somatosensory Systems
Dorsal Column System, Anterior
Spinothalamic and Lateral Spinothalamic
pathways from Medulla to Thalamus
Somatosensory: Dorsal or Posterior Path
Motor: Ventral or Anterior Path
Circumventricular Structures
Lateral Ventricles
Dorsal: Corpus Callosum and Cingulate
Gyrus (limbic system)
Ventral: Fornix (hippocampal-septal and
mammillary body interconnections)
Medial: Septum Pellucidum
Lateral: Caudate Nucleus of the Basal
Ganglia
Thalamus
Fornix
Cerebral Peduncle
Optic Tract
Hypophysis
Oculomotor nerve
Trigeminal nerve
Crus Cerebri
Superior and Inferior
Colliculi
Superior, Middle and
Inferior Cerebellar
Peduncles
Gracile and Cuneate
nuclei
Olives and Pyramids