ORE002101

ATM Principle

ISSUE 1.0

Huawei Confidential. All Rights Reserved

References

ITU-T (http://www.itu.int/)

ATM Forum (http://www.atmforum.com/)

IETF (http://www.ietf.org/)

Internal Use

Objectives

Upon completion this course, you will be

able to:

Understand the ATM cells

Describe the ATM connection and
switching
Know the service types of ATM
Understand the features of a ATM
network.

Internal Use

Chapter 1 ATM Overview

Chapter 2 Basic of ATM
Chapter 3 ATM Features
Chapter 4 ATM Protocol Stacks
Chapter 5 ATM Services

Internal Use

What is ATM?

Asynchronous Transfer Mode

Deploy fixed-length cell for transmission
Provides a high-speed and low delay network
Support all types of traffic

Internal Use

The differences between ATM and other

technologies
Circuit Switched Network

Packet Switched Network

Connection-oriented/reliable
communication

Connectionless/unreliable
communication

Dedicated circuit path

Path is varies and depends on

availability, and link conditions

Less overhead

More control information required

in the header

ATM:
establish a VCC prior to transmission
fixed-length cell (48 bytes data + 5 bytes header)
faster switching capability with least errors and quality assuran
6

Internal Use

Connectionless & Connection-Oriented Network

p
Setu
p
u
t
Se

p
Setu
Setu
p
Connectionless

Connection-oriented

Internal Use

Chapter 1 ATM Overview

Chapter 2 Basic of ATM
Chapter 3 ATM Features
Chapter 4 ATM Protocol Stacks
Chapter 5 ATM Services

Internal Use

ATM Cells
GFC
(4)
VPI
(4)
VCI (4)

VPI
(4)
VCI
(4)

VCI
(8)
PT (3) CLP (1)
HEC (8)

VPI
(8)

VPI
(4)

GFC: Generic flow control

PT: Payload type
CLP: Cell lose priority

VCI (4)

VCI
(4)

VCI
(8)
PT (3) CLP (1)
HEC (8)

HEC: Header error control

VPI: Virtual path identifier
48byte payload

ATM UNI cells

VCI: Virtual channel

identifier

48 byte payload

ATM NNI cells

Internal Use

VCC, VP and VC
Virtual Channel
Virtual Path
ATM Virtual Channel Connection
E3
OC-3
OC-12

Virtual Path
Virtual Channel

VCC

VP

VC

The label of virtual connection is VPI/VCI

10

Internal Use

VP Switching & VC Switching

VC switching

VCI 1

VCI 2
VPI 1

Port 1
VCI 1
VCI 2

VCI 1
VCI 2
VP switching

11

VCI 3
VPI 3

VCI 4
Port 2

VPI 2
VPI 2

VCI 4
VCI 3

VPI 1

VPI 3

VCI 1
VPI 4

VPI 5
VCI 2
Port 3
Internal Use

ATM Switching
ATM switching
A
A
L

A
T
M

UNI

P
H
Y

VPI = 2
VCI = 37

NNI

12

A
T
M

P
H
Y

A
T
M

Port 2
P
H
Y

A
T
M

Port

VPI

VCI

37

51

ATM switching

VPI = 3
VCI = 39
A
A
L

Port 1
P
H
Y

ATM layer

UNI

Port 3
P
H
Y

A
T
M

Port 4
P
H
Y

A
T
M

ATM layer
Port

VPI

VCI

51

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ATM Connections
PVC (Permanent Virtual Channel)
There is no signaling algorithm employed between two end nodes in
PVC. The VC values of the two nodes (or users) are defined
manually. The end-to-end route throughout the network is defined
too. If a device along the path fails, the PVC will be deactivated.

SVC (Switched Virtual Channel)

SVC is established according to the UNI signaling method. A SVC is
a connection which initiated by the user. If an intermediate device in
the path fails, the SVC will re-establish the path from other route.

Internal Use

Chapter 1 ATM Overview

Chapter 2 Basic of ATM
Chapter 3 ATM Features
Chapter 4 ATM Protocol Stacks
Chapter 5 ATM Services

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Internal Use

Features of ATM
Voice
Data
Cells

Video

15

Connection-oriented
High-speed switching
Statistical multiplexer
Supports voice, data and video services
Provides QoS

Internal Use

The Traffic Maintenance

Contract

Contract

ATM network

Contracts
Traffic parameters
QoS parameters
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Internal Use

Chapter 1 ATM Overview

Chapter 2 Basic of ATM
Chapter 3 ATM Features
Chapter 4 ATM Protocol Stacks
Chapter 5 ATM Services

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Internal Use

The Functional Layers

CS
AAL (48 bytes)

Convergence
Segmentation and Reassembly

SAR
ATM Layer
(5 bytes)

TC
(Transmission
Convergence)

Physical
PM
(Physical
Medium)

Cell multiplexing/demultiplexing
Cell header generation/extraction
Cell rate decoupling
Transmission frame adaptation/generation/recovery
HEC sequence generation and correction
Bit timing
Physical medium

Internal Use

The Process of Data

voice/video/data/picture

AAL+ATM

ATM cell

Transmission Frame
cell

Frame
header

cell

medium
Internal Use

Chapter 1 ATM Overview

Chapter 2 Basic of ATM
Chapter 3 ATM Features
Chapter 4 ATM Protocol Stacks
Chapter 5 ATM Services

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Internal Use

ATM Service Types

CBR: Constant Bit Rate

rt-VBR: Real Time Variable Bit Rate
nrt-VBR: Not Real Time Variable Bit Rate
ABR: Available Bit Rate
UBR: Unspecified Bit Rate

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Internal Use

CBR

Traffic parameter

QoS
Tolerance

low

PCR

high

(Peak Cell Rate)

Cell loss
Cell delay and cell delay variation

cost
5 byte cell header

Voice and video

1 byte
47 byte payload

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VBR

Traffic parameter

QoS

PCR
(Peak Cell Rate)

SCR

Tolerance

LOW

HIGH

(Sustainable Cell Rate)

MBS
(Maximum Burst Size)

Cell lose (RT)

Cell lose
(NRT)

Voice and video

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UBR

Traffic parameter

QoS
Tolerance

low

high

Not Applicable
Cell relay variation
Cell lose

WAN

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Internal Use

ABR
Traffic parameter

QoS
Tolerance

PCR

low

(Peak Cell Rate)

high

MCR
(Minimum Cell Rate)
Cell loss

Cell delay variation

Overhead
5 Byte
Header
48 Byte
Payload

25

No cell
overhead
Uses
congestion
feedback
instead

LAN

Internal Use

Chapter 1 ATM Overview

Chapter 2 Basic of ATM
Chapter 3 ATM Features
Chapter 4 ATM Protocol Stacks
Chapter 5 ATM Services
Chapter 6 Network Interface

26

Internal Use

ATM Network and Interface

UNI
B-ICI
NNI

UNI

ATM public
network

NNI
Token
Ring

27

NNI
ATM private
network

Internal Use

IMA Mode
If Abis interface is connected with several E1 cables, IMA mode will
be adopted to transfer ATM cells. In this way, cells of high speed ATM
link could be transferred on several low speed physical links.

IMA Group

ATM Layer

PHY

PHY

PHY

Physical Link #0

Physical Link #1

Physical Link #2

PHY

PHY

IMA Group

ATM Layer

PHY

Virtual ATM Link

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Internal Use

QUESTIONS

1. Whats the function of each byte in the ATM cell header?

2. How does the ATM switch implement the ATM switching?
3. Which services are AAL1 and AAL5 used respectively to adapt?
4. Which data packets do RFC1483B and RFC1483R respectively
encapsulate?
5. Which applications do CBR and UBR respectively support?

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