PROCESS

INSTRUMENTAION
PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
LESSON-1

LINEAR VS NON-LINEAR

LINEARITY

NON-LINEAR PROCESS

LINEARITY

HYSTERESIS

HYSTERESIS

When increase the input of an instrument it gives some output

readings (follow a curve), now if we decrease
the
same input and it gives different readings (follow another
curve) then this effect of instrument is called hysteresis.

HYSTERSIS

ERRORS IN PERFORMANCE
PARAMETERS

SYSTEMATIC ERRORS

ENVIRONMENT ERRORS
These errors may be avoided by,
Providing air conditioning.
Hermetically sealing certain components
of instrument
Use of magnetic shields

RANDOM ERRORS
The

cause of errors are not known or

undeterminable in the ordinary process of
making instrument. Such errors normally
small. These may be treated as
mathematically according to laws of
probability

SOURCE OF ERRORS
Insufficient knowledge of process parameters &

design conditions
Poor design
Change in process parameters, irregularities,
upsets etc
Poor maintenance
Errors caused by the people who operate
instrument
Certain design limitations

PRESSURE

RELATION Pab-Pg-Patm

The actual pressure at a given position is

called absolute pressure
Pressure below atmospheric pressure is
called Vacuum Pressure

RELATION Pab-Pg-Patm

HYDROSTATIC EQUATION

PRESSURE MEASURMENT

PRESSURE SENSING
DEVICES

COMMON DEVICES
BOURDON TUBES
DIAPHRAGMS
BELLOWS

PRESSURE SENSING
MECHANISM

BOURDON TUBE GUAGE

C-BOURDON TUBE GUAGE

BOURDON GUAGE

C-BOURDON TUBE

TYPES

SPIRAL BOURDON GUAGE

HELIX & SPIRAL TUBES

SPRING AND BELLOWS

SPIRNG & BELLOWS

SPRING & BELLOW GUAGE

DIAPHRAGMS

DIAPHRAGMS

DIAPHRAGM SENSING
GUAGE

SELECTION OF DIAPHRAGM

METHODS FOR PRESSURE

MEASUREMENT
Most pressure instruments measure a
difference between two pressures, one
usually being atmospheric pressure
Manometer method
Elastic pressure transducer
Electrical pressure transducer

MANOMETERS
The manometer is simplest pressure measuring
device used for gauge pressure measurement

U-Tube Manometer
Well-type Manometer
Inclined Manometer
Differential Manometer

U-TUBE MANAOMETER

U-TUBE MANOMETER
This is used for measurement of liquid or
gas pressures. The manometer is filled
with a manometric fluid whose specific
gravity is known. The difference between
the pressures on two limbs of the
manometer is a function of h (the
difference between the levels of the
manometric fluid in the two limbs).

DIFFERNTIAL MANOMETER

ERRORS IN MANOMETER
Effect of Temperature
Capillary effect
Effect of variable meniscus

MANOMETRIC FLUID

The most common fluids of Manometer are Water,

Red oil and Mercury
Water is best if Air is fluid to be measured
To minimise the effects of freezing or evaporation,
Kerosene or antifreeze may be used
Mercury is used when the fluids mixes with
manometeric fluid
While Red oil is used indicate reading from long
distance

ADV-DIS-ADV -MANOMETER
Advantages:
They are simple in construction
High accuracy and sensitivity
Reasonable cost
Suitable for low pressure and differential
pressures
Disadvantages:
Not portable
Need levelling

INSTALLATION

PRESSURE RANGE

COMPARATORS
The general principle of comparator is to
indicate the differences in size between the
standard and the work being measured by
means of some pointer on a scale with sufficient
magnification

FEATURES
All comparators consist of three basic features
1. A sensing device which faithfully senses the input signal
2. A magnifying or amplifying system to increase the
signal to suitable magnitude. Mechanical, Optical,
Pneumatic, hydraulic and electronic methods are used
for this purpose.
3. A display system (usually a scale and pointer) which
utilizes the amplified signal to provide a suitable
readout.

CLASSIFICATION
1. Mechanical
2. Optical
3. Electrical &Electronic
4. Pneumatic
5. Fluid displacement comparators
6. Mechanical- optical comparator
7. Electro-mechanical comparator
8. Multi-check comparator.

ELECTRICAL PRESSURE
TRANSDUCERS

STRAIN GUAGE

TYPES OF SIGNALS

PNEUMATIC SIGNALS
Pneumatic signals are signals produced
by changing air pressure in a signal pipe
in proportion to measured change in a
process variable
The
common
industry
standard
pneumatic signal range is 3-15 psig
The 3 psig corresponds to LRV and 15 is
HRV

ANALOG SIGNAL
The most common standard electrical

signal is the 4-20 mA current signal

 The most recent addition to process

control signal tehcnology

These are discrete levels or values that
are combined in specific ways to represent
process variable

THANK YOU