Axial Deformation

Chapter 5
Lecture 2

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Axially Loaded Bars

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Axially Loaded Bars

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Axially Loaded Bars

Strain Distribution

Axial deformation is characterized by

extensional strain that is not a function of
position in the cross section.
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Axially Loaded Bars
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Strain-Displacement
Relationship
Final Length - Initial Length

Initial Length

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Axially Loaded Bars

Strain-Displacement
Relationship
x* x
x x lim

x 0
x

u x x u x
lim

x 0
x

du
x
dx
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Axially Loaded Bars

Strain-Displacement
Equation

du

dx
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Axially Loaded Bars

Strain-Displacement
Equation

L
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Axially Loaded Bars

Material Behavior
Assume linear elastic behavior:
x E x
E is a material property
called the modulus of
elasticity or Youngs
modulus.
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Total Elongation
u L u 0
L

x dx
0

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Summary
P x
x x
A x
P x
du

dx EA x

Axial Stress Formula

Axial Strain Formula

P x
e
dx
EA x
0
L

Axial Force-Deformation
Equation

P
u x u 0
d
EA
0
x

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Uniform Axial Deformation

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Uniform Axial Deformation

Force-Deformation Behavior.

F x 0 P x P constant
L
P x
P
PL

dx
dx

EA x
EA 0
EA
0
L

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Uniform Axial Deformation

PL

EA
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Flexibility
PL

fP
EA
L
f
flexibility coefficient
EA
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Stiffness

PL

P k
EA
EA
k
stiffness coefficient
L
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Definitions
1. The flexibility coefficient, f, is the
elongation produced when a unit force
is applied to the member. It has
dimensions of Length/Force (L/F )

2. The stiffness coefficient, k, is the force

required to produce a unit elongation
of the member. It has dimensions of
Force/Length (F/L)
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Lateral Strain

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Lateral Strain

lat

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dL dL

dL

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Lateral Strain

L 1 lat L
lat L L lat L
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Lateral Strain

0 lat 0
0 lat 0
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D 1 lat D
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Poissons Ratio

lat

Greek letter nu is
the Poisson's Ratio
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Poissons Ratio
Poisson's Ratio is a material property
just as the modulus of elasticity is.
0 0.5

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Lateral Strain

lat
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EA

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Example

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A prismatic bar with length L = 200 mm and a

circular cross section with a diameter D = 10 mm is
subjected to a tensile load P = 16 kN. The length
and diameter of the deformed bar are measured and
determined to be L = 200.60 mm and D = 9.99
mm. What are the modulus of elasticity and the
Poissons ratio for the bar?
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Exampl
e

Stress:
P
16000 N

A .01m 2

203.7 MPa

Strain:
L L 200.60 mm 200 mm

0.003
L
200 mm
Lateral Strain
D D 9.99 mm 10 mm
lat

0.001
D
10 mm
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Exampl
e

203.7 MPa
0.003
lat 0.001
203.7 MPa
E
67.9 GPa

0.003
0.001

lat

0.333

0.003

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Example

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Exampl
e

The bar has cross sectional area of A = 0.4 in 2

and a modulus of elasticity of E = 12 x 106 psi. If
a 10 kip force is applied downward at B how far
downward does point B move?
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Exampl
e

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10 kip

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10 kip Psin 0

P 12.5 kip
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P 12.5 kip
L 20 in

12500 lb 20 in

PL

EA

lb
2
12

10
0.4
in

2
in

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0.0521in

34

 20 in

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 12

16 v 20
2

32v v 40
small deformation approximation
2

v v
2

32v 40
v 0.0651 in
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Example

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Bars AB and AC each have a cross sectional

area A = 60 mm2 and a modulus of elasticity E
= 200 GPa The dimensions h = 200 mm If a
downward force F = 40 kN is applied at A what
is the resulting horizontal and vertical
displacements of point A?
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40 kN

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F
F

0 PAB cos 60o PAC cos 45o 0

0 PAB sin 60o PAC sin 45o 40kN 0

PAB 29.28 kN
PAC 20.70 kN

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PAB 29.28 kN
PAC 20.70 kN
AB

PAB L AB

EA

AC

PAC L AC

EA

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0.2m
29280N
o
sin60

.000563m
9 N
200 10 2 6 10 5 m 2
m
0.2m
20700 N
o
sin45

.000487m
9 N
200 10 2 6 10 5 m 2
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sin60 v
o

AB

L
2

cos60 u
o

AB

L
2

AB

AB

2
2vL AB sin60o v 2 2L AB ucos60o u 2 2 ABL AB AB

v sin60o ucos60o AB

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sin45 v
o

AC

L
2

cos45 u
o

AC

L
2

AC

AC

2vL AC sin45o v 2 2L ACucos45o u 2 2L AC 2AC

v sin45o ucos45o AC
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 AB 0.563mm
AC 0.487 mm
v sin60 ucos60 AB
o

v sin45 ucos45 AC
o

u 0.0250 mm
v 0.6652 mm
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