CE 350 - Mechanics of

Deformable Bodies
Instructor: James N. Craddock
Office: Engineering B-26
Phone: 453-7808
E-mail: craddock@ce.siu.edu

Fall 2002

CE 350 - Introduction

Mechanics:
Branch of physical
sciences concerned with
the state of rest or
motion of bodies
subjected to forces.

Fall 2002

CE 350 - Introduction

Engineering Mechanics

Solid Mechanics

Rigid Bodies

Statics
Fall 2002

Fluid Mechanics

Deformable Bodies

Dynamics
CE 350 - Introduction

Engineering Mechanics

Solid Mechanics

Rigid Bodies

Statics
Fall 2002

Fluid Mechanics

Deformable Bodies

Dynamics
CE 350 - Introduction

Engineering Mechanics

Solid Mechanics

Rigid Bodies

Statics
Fall 2002

Fluid Mechanics

Deformable Bodies

Dynamics
CE 350 - Introduction

Other Names
1. Strength of Materials
2. Mechanics of Materials
3. Introduction to Solid
Mechanics
4. Mechanics of Deformable
Bodies

Fall 2002

CE 350 - Introduction

Deformable Bodies
1. Depends on equilibrium
(statics)
2. Depends on materials
selection (e.g. wood, steel,
concrete, aluminum)
3. Depends on geometry
Fall 2002

CE 350 - Introduction

Fundamental Concepts
1. Force Equilibrium
2. Force - Deformation Behavior
of Materials
3. Geometry of Deformation

Fall 2002

CE 350 - Introduction

Fundamental Concepts
1. Force Equilibrium
2. Force Temperature Deformation Behavior of
Materials
3. Geometry of Deformation

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CE 350 - Introduction

Deformable Body
A solid body that changes
size and/or shape as a
result of loads that are
applied to it or as a result of
temperature changes.
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Definition
Changes in size and/or
shape are referred to as

deformations

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Look at Diving Board

L1

L2

A
W
h

Statics
Given W, L1 and L2
calculate:
1.
2.

Reaction at A
Reaction at B

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Other Types of Questions

1. What weight W would break the

board?
2. What is the relationship between c
and W?
3. Would a tapered board be better
than a constant thickness board?
4. Would an aluminum board be
preferable to a fiberglass or a
wooden board?
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Answers
1. Requires us to consider the diving

board as a deformable body

2. Need to consider not only reaction
forces but localized effects of
forces (i.e. stress distribution and
strain distribution)
3. Need to consider material
behavior (stress-strain behavior)

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Analysis and Design

Strength Problems
Stiffness Problems

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Strength Problems
Is the machine or structure
strong enough?
Will the object or structure or
component support the loads to
which it is subjected?
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Stiffness Problems
Is the machine or structure
stiff enough?
What is the change in shape or
deformation of the object due to
the loads? Is its deformation
within acceptable limits?
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Questions
1. What weight W would break the
board? (STRENGTH)
2. What is the relationship between
c and W? (STIFFNESS)

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Other Questions
What weight W would break the board?
(ANALYSIS)
What is the relationship between c and W?
(ANALYSIS)
Does the thickness of the board, h, affect
c?
Would an aluminum board deflect more or
less than a fiberglass or a wooden board?
Does the position of support B change any
of the answers?
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Analysis/Design
What weight W would break the board?
(ANALYSIS)
What is the relationship between c and
W? (ANALYSIS)
Would a tapered board be better than a
constant thickness board? (DESIGN)
Would an aluminum board be preferable
to a fiberglass or a wooden board?
(DESIGN)
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Fundamental Types of
Equations
The EQUILIBRIUM conditions
must be satisfied.
The GEOMETRY OF
DEFORMATION must be
described.
The MATERIAL BEHAVIOR must
be characterized.
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Equilibrium
External forces, including reactions must
balance. This is basically an application of
the concepts and principles of statics. It is
essential that accurate and complete FREE
BODY DIAGRAMS be drawn.

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Geometry of Deformation
1. Definitions of extensional strain
and shear strain.
2. Simplifications and idealizations.
3. Connectivity of members or
geometric compatibility.
4. Boundary conditions and
constraints.
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Material Behavior
Constitutive behavior of
materials (force-temperaturedeformation relationships) must
be described. These
relationships can only be
established experimentally!

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Problem Solving Procedure

1. State the problem.
2. Plan the solution.
3. Carry out the solution.
4. Review the solution.

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State the Problem

1. List the given data.
2. Draw any figures needed to
describe the problem.
3. Identify the results to be
obtained.

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Plan the Solution

1. Consider given data and results

desired.
2. Identify basic principles involved.
3. Recall applicable equations.
4. Identify assumptions.
5. Plan steps in the process.
6. Estimate the answer!
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Carry Out the Solution

1. Consistent units.
2. Significant digits.
3. Identify answers.

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Review the Solution

1. Dimensionally correct
2. Reasonable values.
3. Correct algebraic sign.
4. Consistent with assumptions.
5. Presentation neat and orderly.
6. What point did the problem
illustrate?

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Review of Statics
Equations of Equilibrium
r
F 0
r
Vector
M 0

Scalar

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F
F
F

M
M
M

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Free Body Diagrams

1. Determine the extent of the body to be
included.
2. Completely isolate the body from
supports and other attached bodies.
3. If internal resultants are desired, pass a
sectioning plane through the member at
the appropriate location.
4. Sketch the outline of the resulting Free
Body.
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Free Body Diagrams

5. Indicate on the sketch all external
applied loads.
6. Clearly indicate the location,
magnitude and direction of each
load.

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Free Body Diagrams

7. At supports, connections and section cuts,
show unknown forces and couples.
8. Assign a symbol to each unknown.
9. Use sign convention to assign positive
sense to unknowns or assign it arbitrarily.
10.Label significant points and dimensions.
11.Show reference axes.

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Free Body Diagram of Diving Board

L1

L2

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Identify the object

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Isolate and sketch.

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Show all forces including reactions.

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External Loads
1. Concentrated Loads

Point Forces (F)

Couples (F - L)

2. Line Loads (F/L)

3. Surface Loads (F/L2)
4. Body Forces (F/L3)
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Support Reactions and

Member Connections
Roller Support
y

A
Ay

A
Ay
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Support Reactions and

Member Connections
Pin Support
A

Ax

Ax

Ay
x

Ay
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Support Reactions and

Member Connections
Cantilever Support
y

Ax

MA

Ay

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Internal Resultants
y

Axial Force

F x

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Internal Resultants
y

Shear Forces
Vy x
F x

Vz x

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Internal Resultants
y

Vy x
F x
Vz x

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CE 350 - Introduction

T x
Torque or
Twisting Moment

48

Internal Resultants
y

Bending Moments
Vy x
M y x
F x
M z x

Vz x

T x

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Internal Resultants
y

M y x

Vy x
F x

M z x

Vz x

T x

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Example 1-1

Determine the reactions at A.

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 Fx 0 A x 100cos60 0
o
Fy 0 A y 100sin60 0
o
M A 0 M A 600 4 100sin60 0
o

A x 50 kN A y 86.6 kN M A 253.6 kN m

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Trusses

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Example 1-2

Determine the forces in member BH.

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 Fx 0 A x 0
Fy 0 A y E 20 40 0
M A 0 6 20 12 40 24 E 0
A x 0 A y 35kip E 25 kip

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o
F

0
P

P
cos45
0
x
AB
AG

Fy 0

35 PAG sin45 0

PAB 35kip
PAG 49.5kip
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 Fx 0
Fy 0

PGH PAG sin45 0

PBG PAG cos45o 0

PBG 35 kip
PGH 35 kip
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 Fy 0

35 20 PBH sin45 0

PBH 21.2kip

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Method of Sections

Fy 0

35 20 PBH sin45 0

PBH 21.2kip

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Example 13
The frame
supports a
suspended mass
m = 20 kg.
Determine the
reactions on its
members.

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Note: BD is two
force member

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 Fx 0 A x Cx 0
Fy 0 A y Cy P mg 0
M A 0 1.3P 0.6Cy 0.6mg 0

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 Fx 0 E Cx 0
Fy 0 P Cy 0
M E 0 0.3P 0.6Cx 0.6Cy 0

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A x 196.2 N
A y 196.2 N
Cx 196.2 N
C y 392.4 N
E 196.2 N
P 392.4 N

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Centroids

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Composite Areas

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Example 1-4

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4R
x2
3

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xi

mm

Part 1
rectangle

100

Part 2
cutout

4 100
3

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Ai

mm2

200 280
1
2
100
2

CE 350 - Introduction

xi A i mm3

100 200 280

4 100

2
1

100

75

x1A1 x 2 A 2
x
A1 A 2
4 100 1
2
100 200 280
100
3 2

2
1
200 280 100
2

122.4 mm

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Distributed Forces

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Distributed Forces

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Example 1.5

Find Reactions at A and B

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Loading Curve
120 lb ft
w
x 20x lb ft

6 ft

F w dx 20x dx 360 lb
6

M w A xw dx 20x 2 dx 1440ft lb
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 Fx 0 A x 0
Fy 0 A y B F 0
M A 0 6B M w 0
A

A x 0 A y 120 lb B 240 lb

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1
F 120 lb ft 6ft 360 lb
2
2
x 6ft 4ft
3

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 Fx 0 A x 0
Fy 0 A y B F 0
M A 0 6B xF 0

A x 0 A y 120 lb B 240 lb

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