Traffic Analysis and Design

of Wireless IP Networks
Toni Janevski

(Aisah)

2. Third Generation Wireless Mobile

Communications and Beyond

2.1 Introduction
Development and deployment of two
communication technologies:

mobile networks and

Internet

Demand
increasing the requirements for multimedia services in
mobile systems.
mobile user 1000 millions (2002)
Host internet 180 millions (2002)
The fast development of these two technologies, wireless
mobile communication and the Internet, goes towards
their integration.
the users and the providers have interest in integrating
these two technologies. So, although mobile networks and
the Internet started separately (1G and 2G) of mobile
cellular systems.
the development of these technologies leads toward their
integration in mobile Internet or wireless IP networks

2.2 Evolution of Wireless

Communication
1. The first-generation
The basic characteristics for this generation include analog transmission of
information and incompatibility of the systems in different countries.
2. Second Generation
2G of mobile systems was under way at the beginning of the 1990s. The first
trials with GSM began in 1991, which changed its name for market reasons to
Global System for Mobile communications.
Traffic Analysis and Design of Wireless IP Networks GSM 900, GSM 1800, and
GSM 1900 mobile systems. Applying the ISDN concept in the design of the
GSM, it became a fully digital system.
The main characteristic of GSM, besides the digital subscriber line, is roaming.
With the introduction of roaming, GSM allows subscribers of one GSM network
to use services in other GSM networks worldwide. These characteristics of
GSM made it the world leader in 2G mobile systems considering the number
of subscribers and network operators.
GSM technology is a combination of frequency division multiple access
(FDMA) and time division multiple access (TDMA).
The primary service in all 2G mobile systems is telephony. However, several
data services are also supported, such as low data rate modem connections
(up to 9,600 bps), fax, SMS, as well as supplementary services such as calling
line identification presentation, call forwarding, conference call, call barring,

GSMState of the Art

Evolution from 2G to 3G
The explosion of Internet usage has had a
tremendous impact on the demand for advanced
wireless communication services. However, the
effectively rate of 2G mobile systems is too slow for
many Internet services. As a result, in a race for
higher speeds, GSM and other TDMA-based
technologies from 2G developed so-called 2G+
mobile systems.
In this group we classify the following systems: High
Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD) and GPRS. One
may also classify in the 2G+ group Enhanced Data
Rates for Digital Evolution (EDGE), but it is
somewhere referred to as 3G technology.

HSCSD
HSCSD is a software upgrade to the GSM networks.
No extra hardware is required.
In the GSM network, single time slots are allocated to each user for voice or
data (via modem) connection.
Standard data transfer rate in GSM is 9,600 bps, although by reducing the
redundancy in the channel coding it may go up to 14,400 bps. HSCSD gives a
single user simultaneous access to multiple channels (time slots), up to four
of eight in a single TDMA frame.
However, it is more expensive for end users to pay for multiple
simultaneously occupied time slots.
Assuming a standard transmission rate of 14.4 Kbps and using four time slots
with HSCSD allows a theoretical data rate of 57.6 Kbps.
This enables Internet access at the same speed of many dial-up modem (56K)
services across the fixed access network with 64-Kbps digital transmission
lines.
While HSCSD is still circuit-switched technology, GPRS is complementary for
communication with other packet-based networks such as the Internet.

GPRSTracing the Way to

Mobile Internet
The fast growth of the Internet increased the user demands
for wireless data services.
The data rates in 2G were too slow to support Internet-like
services, and also circuit-switched technology is too expensive
to be used for bursty traffic (i.e., at the air interface, a
complete traffic channel is allocated for a single user for the
entire call duration). Hence, packet-switched services were
needed to introduce statistical multiplexing (i.e., sharing of a
single channels by multiple users). For that purpose GPRS is
defined as an upgrade to the GSM system.
Parallel with GPRS, Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD) is a
similar upgrade for AMPS, IS-95, and IS-136 mobile systems.
GPRS is the first step towards integration of the Internet and
mobile cellular networks.

Cont
GPRS is created as a hardware and software upgrade to the
existing GSM system.
In order to integrate GPRS into existing GSM architecture,
two new network nodes should be added: serving GPRS
support node (SGSN) and gateway GPRS support node
(GGSN).
SGSN is responsible for the delivery of packets from/to
mobile stations within its service area. Its main tasks are
mobility management (including location management,
attach/ detach), packet routing, logical link management,
authentication, and charging functions.
GGSN acts as an interface between the GPRS packet
network and external packet-based networks (i.e., Internet).

Cont
It converts protocol data packet (PDP)
addresses from the external packet-based
networks to the GSM address of the
specified user and vice versa.
It contains the PDP type (e.g., IPv4), the
PDP address assigned to the mobile
station for that session only, the
requested QoS profile, and the address of
the GGSN that is the access node to that
packet network.

Cont
All GPRS support nodes are connected via an IP-based GPRS backbone
network.
In the case of GPRS, HLR stores the user profile, the current SGSN address,
and the PDP address(es) (e.g., IP address for communication with Internet) for
each user.
MSC/VLR is extended with additional functions that allow coordination
between GSM circuit-switched services (e.g., telephony) and GPRS packetswitched services.
Due to the variety of packet-switched services, such as real-time multimedia,
WWW, file download, and e-mail, each with different QoS requirements, GPRS
allows defining QoS profiles using the parameters service precedence,
reliability, delay, and throughput.
The first parameter is priority of the service.
There exist three types of priority: high, normal, and low.
Reliability describes transmission characteristics of the GPRS network, such
as loss probability, misinsertion, and corruption of packets.
The delay defines average delay and maximum delay in 95% of all transfers.
The throughput refers to maximum bit rate and duplication, mean bit rate .

Cont

EDGE
EDGE was created to provide higher data rates for packet-based services
with higher bandwidth demands using the existing 2G mobile networks.
It is supposed to provide an update to GSM systems as well as to the ANSI136 TDMA system.
EDGE technology was created to enhance throughput per time slot for both
HSCSD and GPRS. It uses a new modulation scheme 8-PSK (phase shift
keying) in addition to the Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK)
modulation scheme in GSM/GPRS networks, and it enables data rates up to
384 Kbps.
Hence, the EDGE upgrade to a GPRS network is also known as Enhanced
GPRS (EGPRS), while enhancement of HSCSD is called ECSD. In ECSD, the
data rate per time slot will not increase from 64 Kbps due to air interface
limitations, but the data rate per time slot will triple when using all time
slots for single connection in EGPRS, and the peak throughput will exceed
384 Kbps.
EDGE technology is also used over the D-AMPS systems (i.e., ANSI-136
TDMA-based networks), where it provides data rates over 473 Kbps per 30kHz carriers.
This is referred to as EGPRS-136HS. In this way EDGE offers the possibility
of convergence of GSM and ANSI-136 systems.
EDGE technology is an option for 3G services. Additionally, EDGE can

Third Generation Mobile

Networks
The 3G systems should provide convergence of the existing
standards in 2G, such as CDMA, GSM, and TDMA.
The main reasons for the standardization of 3G are higher
data rates in the air interface via implementation of a
wideband technology, and introduction of new packet-based
services to the end-users (i.e., Internet connectivity).
Because GPRS (Cellular Digital Packet Data or CDPD) and
EDGE already introduced packet-switched services, 3G is
created to provide higher data rates and the possibility for
creation of various services over the same network
architecture (i.e., separating the service creation from the
network operation).
The network should be transparent and open to new services
created by the service and content providers

2.5.1 Standardization
The process of standardization of 3G mobile
networks has several forms and bodies
included with it. First, there are regional
standardization bodies, such as ETSI in Europe
and ANSI in North America. Furthermore, there
are global standardization efforts, such as ITU
standards for 3G called International Mobile
Telephony 2000 (IMT-2000) as well as the 3G
Partnership Project (3GPP) and 3GPP2, which
include standardization bodies, industry, and
academia members.

2.5.1.1 ITUs International Mobile TelephonyIMT-2000

ITU made efforts for harmonization and convergence in

3G mobile networks through the envelope of 3G mobile
systems. In the mid-1990s, ITU created a framework for
3G mobile systems called IMT-2000.
The concept of IMT-2000 includes the following aspects:
Global, seamless access to mobile systems;
Compatibility with major 2G systems;
Convergence between the mobile and fixed network;
High data rates for wireless communication;
Circuit-switched and packet-switched data transfers;
Introduction of multimedia applications.

Cont
IMT-2000 covers both third generation mobile terrestrial and
mobile satellite systems.
For the terrestrial radio access network, the choice was made on
wideband CDMA (WCDMA).
The framework of IMT-2000, ITU defines five different terrestrial
radio interfaces.
ETSIs WCDMA
time division CDMA (TD-CDMA)
cdma2000
Universal Wireless Communications-136 (UWC-136) developed by
the Telecommunication Industry Association (TIA) TR 45.3
subcommittee, which is based on TDMA single-carrier.
Digital Enhanced Cordless Communication (DECT) developed by
ETSI, which is based on FDMA/TDMA technology.

2.5.1.2 3G Partnership Project

for UMTS
The ETSI began development of 3G mobile systems in
the mid-1990s. The standard was named the Universal
Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS), and it is
standardized as European terrestrial 3G system.
In June 1998 ETSI decided to select wideband CDMA
(WCDMA) as the standard for the UMTS Terrestrial
Radio Access (UTRA) air interface for frequency
division duplex (FDD) operation, and TD-CDMA for time
division duplex (TDD) operation. So, UTRA-FDD and
UTRA-TDD were created, and at the same time UTRA
was submitted to the ITU as the ETSI proposal for IMT2000.

Table 2.1
Standards for IMT-2000 Interface
Operation Adopted by ITU

Cont
In parallel, similar activities started in different
regions of the world for standardization of
technology like WCDMA.
To ensure compatibility of the equipment as well
as
global
standardization
for
3G,
the
standardization organizations involved in the
creation of the 3G Partnership Project (3GPP).
The partners in 3GPP are ETSI (Europe), ARIB/TTC
(Japan), CWTS (China), T1 (United States), and
TTA (South Korea).
The original scope of 3GPP was to introduce
technical specifications for 3G mobile networks
based on the evolved GSM core networks and
radio access technologies for both FDD and TDD

2.5.1.3 3GPP2 for cdma2000

For comprising American and Asian interests on
3G
systems,
their
standardization
bodies
ANSI/TIA/EIA-41 started an initiative for the
creation of 3GPP2, running parallel with 3GPP. It
was born from ITUs initiative for IMT-2000.
Although 3GPP started by an ETSI initiative in
Europe, there was effort to consolidate
collaboration efforts of all ITU members. In the
end, 3GPP2 was created as a solution for
American interests and that of some Asian
countries.
It includes as partners ARIB/TTC from Japan, TIA
from North America, TTA from South Korea, and
CWTS from China.

2.5.2 UMTS
The ETSI candidate for 3G is UMTS. This standardization
body has defined the strategy for the third generation
mobile systems, as follows:
Core network of UMTS should be compatible with IP;
Should be compliant with IPv4 as well as IPv6;
Data rates up to 2 Mbps;
Global roaming-between UMTS and GSM, and between
UMTS and other systems from the IMT-2000 family;
Support for mobility of users, terminals, and services.
The main ideas in UMTS are new services (e.g., multimedia
services), content provision, and global roaming.

2.5.2.1 QoS Concept in

UMTS
Four QoS classes are defined for UMTS,as
follows:
Conversational class;
Streaming class;
Interactive class;
Background class.
UMTS QoS classes, which are referred to as
traffic classes, should take into account the
characteristics of the air interface (i.e.,
bandwidth limitations and error characteristics).

Cont
Two classes, conversational and
streaming, are specified to carry realtime traffic.
The interactive and background
classes, are mainly defined for
nonreal-time applications.

Cont
Example of services in conversational class are circuit-switched telephony (e.g., GSM-like), but
IP telephony and videoconferencing belong to this traffic class as well. Also, some other realtime communication that includes live end users may be added to the conversational class.
Streaming class is created for one-way real-time transport, when a user is looking at (or
hearing) a real-time video (or audio) stream. By the term stream we denote one-way
communication flow to a live human destination. This class is also delay sensitive, but without
strict delay requirements. Low delay variations may be neutralized by the receiving end. For
real-time services, retransmission of lost or corrupted traffic packets is not desirable due to
delay sensitivity. This is not the case with control packets for this type of application, which
usually use some transport control mechanism (e.g., TCP).
Interactive class is defined for applications where the end user (either a machine or a human) is
requesting data from a remote end (e.g., a server). Examples of such services are Web browsing
(WWW), database retrieval, and server access. Round-trip delay is one of the key attributes for
the interactive class. Interactive applications require low delay, but are less sensitive to delay
than conversational class. On the other hand, they have requirements for low bit error rate, and
hence some transport control mechanism should be applied (e.g., for retransmissions of the lost
packets).
background class is created for sending and receiving data by a computer (no direct human
interaction or presence is needed on either end of the Third Generation Wireless Mobile
Communications and Beyond 23 communication). Examples of background applications are email, SMS, download of databases, and reception of measurement records. Table 2.2 shows the
QoS attributes defined for each traffic class.

QoS parameters and ttributes

defined for UMTS are as follows:
traffic class (conversational, streaming,
interactive, or background), maximum bit
rate (Kbps), guaranteed average bit rate
(Kbps), delivery order (yes, or no), maximum
service data unit (SDU) size, residual bit error
ratio, SDU error ratio (SER), transfer delay
(ms), traffic handling priority, and some other
less important attributes (the reader may go
to the ETSI Web site http://www. etsi.org for
more details on its recommendations).

Token bucket traffic shaper

Maximum bit rate is the maximum number of bits
transmitted over a time interval. The traffic is conformant
with this parameter as long as it follows a token bucket
algorithm, where token rate is equal to maximum bit rate
and bucket size is equal to maximum SDU size parameter.
The traffic is conformant with the guaranteed bit rate as
long as it follows a token bucket algorithm where token rate
equals guaranteed bit rate and bucket size equals
maximum SDU size.
The general token bucket algorithm is shown in Figure 2.6.
Tokens represent the allowed data volume (e.g., in bytes for
IP, or in packets for ATM). They are generated periodically
according to the traffic contract and are stored in a token
bucket (ATM terminology), or we may say a token bucket
counter (TBC) is increased by a fixed value in each small
time unit (IETF terminology).
If the token bucket is full, arriving tokens are discarded
(TBC is equal to the bucket size). If TBC is bigger than the

Cont

Cont
The delivery order specifies whether out-of-sequence packets
are acceptable or not to the destination. Maximum SDU size is
defined for admission control and policing mechanisms (e.g.,
for policing the admitted bit rate). The residual bit error ratio
indicates the undetected bit error ratio, or if no detection of
errors is requested, it indicates the bit error ratio for the
delivered SDUs. The SER indicates the fraction of SDUs lost or
detected as erroneous. It is used in error detection schemes.
Transfer delay indicates a maximum delay for the ninety-fifth
percentile of the distribution of delay for all delivered SDUs
within UMTS network.
Traffic handling priority is defined to provide the possibility for
differentiation of the traffic within interactive traffic class (it is
used for scheduling purposes in the UMTS network nodes).

2.5.2.2 UMTS Architecture

Basic arsitektur UMTS dibagi

dua:
1. User equipment (UE) domain
UE is used users to access UMTS services.
It includes the identity module and mobile
equipment, which may include several
functional software groups and hardware
devices. The mobile equipment performs
radio communication with the network
and contains applications for the services.

Cont
2. Infrastructure domain
Infrastructure split two domains:
a. the network access (NA) domain
The NA domain consists of physical entities
(nodes), which manage the radioresources.

b. the core network (CN) domain

The CN domain consists of physical entities, which
provide support for the features and
telecommunication services (e.g., mobility
management, call management, and so forth).