Boilers

PRESENTED BY:
ADITYA PATKI
FARHAN SIDDIQUI
SAYALI PANGARE

What is a boiler?

A water containing vessel in which water is heated under

pressure

Transfer heat from a fuel source (oil, gas, coal) into steam

The steam or hot fluid circulates out of the boiler for use in
various process eg: Generation of power through turbines and
Chemical industry, Pharmaceutical industry, Manufacturing plant.

Boiler Equipment

Components of Boiler Equipment:

Furnace: where air and fuel are combines to produce

combustion gases.

Tank: The tank contains liquid which is heated upto the

evaporating temperature by the combustion gases.

Steam Drum: The steam drum contains the generated water

vapour.

Superheater: If superheated steam is required the stem from

the steam drum is passed through the superheater
tubes,which are exposed to combustion gases.

Economizer: The feedwater is cold as compared to the

saturated water inside the tank so economier heats it to some
extent so that fuel and time wastage is reduced.

Chimney: It is the duct that leads boiler exhausts to outside

atmosphere.

Types Of Boilers

There are different types of boilers according to:

1) Axis
2)Type Of Furnace
3) Circulation
4) Use

But Basically there are two types:

Fire Tube Boilers

Water Tube Boilers

Fire-Tube Boilers

Advantages:

Compact in const.

Fluctuations of steam
demand can be met easily.

Cheap.

Disadvantages:

Time consuming.

It cant achieve higher

steam pressure.

Water-Tube Boilers

Advantages:

Larger heating surfaces

can be achieved by
increasing no. of tubes.

Heat transfer rate is high.

Efficiency is more.

Disadvantages:

Large in size.

Costly.

 Feedwater control:
Feedwater control is the regulation of water to the boiler drum.
Proper boiler operation requires that the level of water in the steam
drum should be maintained within certain band. If the level becomes
too low, the boiler can run dry resulting in mechanical damage of
drum and boiler piping.If the level becomes too high,water can be
carried over into steam pipework possibly damging downstream
equipments.It is important to make sure that the water level in the
boiler drum must be above 50% all the time.

Types Of Feedwater Control

1) Single element
2) Two element
3) Three element

Three-element:

Similar to feed flow, changes in

steam flow can also cause large
deviations in drum level.

Here, steam flow rate is

measured and used as the set
point of the feedwater flow
controller thus feedwater flow
rate is adjusted to match the
steam flow.

To ensure better control, the

output of the drum level
controller is added to the
feedforward from steam flow.

The combination of drum level

measurement, steam flow
measurement, and feed flow
measurement is called threeelement control.

Conclusion:
The boiler is a complicated and continuous
process in any process industry. We have
partially studied implementation of
various loops and we will try to monitor
and control various parameters using
cascade control scheme.