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GEO-MECHANICS
(CE2204)
Shear Strength of Soils
Lecture Week No 4
NOTATIONS
- Total Stress [kN/m2; kPa]
- Effective Stress [kN/m2; kPa]
N - Normal Stress [kN/m2; kPa]
v - Vertical Total Stress [kN/m2; kPa]
h - Horizontal Total Stress [kN/m2; kPa]
1 - Principle Stress [kN/m2; kPa]
3 - Minor Stress [kN/m2; kPa]
u - Pore Water Pressure [kN/m2; kPa]
- Shear Strength [kN/m2; kPa]
- Angle of Friction []
- Change in
C - Cohesion of Soils [kN/m2; kPa]
Shear Stress,
Shear Resistance, f
f c N tan
MOHR CIRCLE
1 = 3 + v
c tan
SOIL
ELEMENT
v
3
MOHR CIRCLE
1 = 3 + v
As loading progresses,
Mohr circle becomes
larger
SOIL
ELEMENT
In Situ Tests:
a) Standard Penetration
b) Shear Vane
UNDRAINED TESTS
NO drainage of pore water
simulates short term condition (e.g. end of construction)
excess pore water pressure, u is often finite
DRAINED TEST
Drainage ALLOW for pore water
simulates long term condition (e.g. many years after
construction)
excess pore water pressure, u = 0; however u is not
necessarily = 0
max
f Cd N tan d
d
(N3 , 3)
(N2 , 2)
(N1 , 1)
Cd
(kN/m2)
Example 1
A drained shear box test was carried out on a
sandy clay and yielded for the following results:
Normal Load (N)
108
202
295
390
484
576
172
227
266
323
374
425
Example 2
Test
Maximum
Shear Stress
(kN/m2)
Normal Load,
P
(kg)
Normal Stress, N
(kN/m2)
P
A
max
70
36.7
36.7
9.81
2
1000 0.06
100
9.81
2
1000 0.06
200
9.81
2
1000 0.06
350
130
73.4
73.4
220
128.4
128.4
UNDRAINED TEST
(Unconsolidated-Undrained)
0
u0
u0
uf 0
Undrained
Undrained
Stage A
Stage B
Stage C
Sample Preparation
Undrained Failure
DRAINED TEST
(Consolidated-Drained)
0
u0
u=0
uf = 0
Drained
Drained
Stage A
Stage B
Stage C
Sample Preparation
Consolidation
Drained Failure
u0
u=0
uf 0
Drained
Undrained
Stage A
Stage B
Stage C
Sample Preparation
Consolidation
Undrained Failure
Example 1
A drained triaxial compression test carried out on
three specimens of the same soil yielded the
following results:
Test No.
100
200
300
210
438
644
Example 2
Three consolidation undrained triaxial tests were
carried out on 38mm diameter samples of the
same clay. The applied axial force at failure of the
samples were found to be as follows:Test No.
25
75
120
0.086
0.120
0.149
Example 3
The following results were obtained from undrained
triaxial tests on specimens of a saturated normally
consolidated clay.
Test No.
100
200
300
137
210
283
28
86
147
Example 4
The following results were obtained from undrained
triaxial tests on specimens of an overconsolidated
clay.
Test No.
100
250
400
340
410
474
-42
64
177
Example 5
Referring to Example 2, if the shear strength
parameters of the clay in term of effective stress
were C = 10 kN/m2 and = 30, determine the
pore water pressure in each sample at failure.
Example 6
Consolidated undrained triaxial tested were carried
out on 3 samples of the same clay soil and the
following results were obtained at the point of
failure:Sample
No.
Cell
Pressure
(kN/m2)
Deviator
Stress at
failure
(kN/m2)
Pore
Water
Pressure
(kN/m2)
50
80.543
27.201
100
57.879
158.514
Cu
(kN/m2)
()
(kN/m2)
()
10
d 2h d 3
T C u
6
2
Example 1
A shear vane used to test a soft clay had a
diameter of 75mm and a length of 150mm. The
average torques recorded after slow and then
rapid rotations were 64 and 26 Nm respectively.
Determine the undrained strength of the clay.