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System
Muscles + Bones = Locomotion
Muscles
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Why muscles?
Muscle tissue is responsible for
movement and locomotion in animals.
Muscles rely on contractile fibers to
create motion.
In vertebrate animals and arthropods,
muscles attach to a skeletal system to
produce locomotion.
Locomotion
Locomotion is
the result of
muscles pulling
on skeletal
systems, which
is why we often
study these
systems
together.
Smooth muscle
Have contractile
fibers, but lack
orderly striations of
skeletal muscle.
Where would you
expect smooth
muscle (involuntary
control) to be
found?
Cardiac muscle
Influenced by
nerves and
hormones, but has
electrical system
of its own to initiate
and coordinate
contractions.
Where would you
expect cardiac
muscle to be found?
Skeletal muscle
Orderly striations
are due to
arrangement of
contractile fibers.
Produces
locomotion.
Where would you
expect skeletal
(voluntary control)
muscle to be found?
1. Smooth
2. Skeletal
3. Cardiac
1. Smooth
2. Skeletal
3. Cardiac
Muscle fibers
A muscle cell is a
fiber.
Fibers are
multinucleated and
contain myoglobin.
(Similar to
hemoglobin what
is its function?)
Myofibrils contain
the contractile
fibers.
Myofibril
The myofibril is
composed of thick
and thin
filaments.
Each of these
filaments is made up
of strands of protein.
How might this
arrangement of
proteins create
motion?
All or nothing
Fibers are either on
(contracted) or off
(relaxed).
When lifting light
weights, only a few
fibers may be on.
For heavy weights,
many more may be
on, and may take
turns to prevent
fatigue.
Fast-twitch fibers
Fast-twitch fibers
are for bursts of
strength and speed.
The tradeoff: Fasttwitch fibers fatigue
sooner.
Slow-twitch fibers
Slow-twitch fibers
are for endurance.
Trade-off: Slowtwitch fibers
cannot supply a lot
of power at once.
High jump
Cross-country skiing
Power lifting
Gymnastics
Working out
Exercise can build
muscle mass. However,
because muscle fibers
(cells) are large, they
rarely divide.
If muscle cells rarely
divide, how do muscles
get bigger from
exercise?
Stretching
Stretching exercises add
strength and flexibility by
increasing muscle length.
Again, if muscle cells do
not divide, how does a cell
get longer from stretching?
Caution: stretching
tendons can weaken joints.
Try this:
Hold your pen or pencil so that it casts a
shadow on your paper. Line up the tip of
the shadow with a point on your paper.
How still can you hold your hand? Does
the point of the shadow move? Muscles
generally contract by continuous
twitching of muscle fibers. This makes
it hard to hold your hand completely
steady.
Skeletal Systems
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Types of systems
Three basic types of skeletal systems in
the animal kingdom:
Hydrostatic
Exoskeleton
Endoskeleton
Hydrostatic skeleton
Earthworms and sea
anemones have a
hydrostatic skeleton.
Circular muscles
squeeze the body.
Longitudinal muscles
shorten the body. How
do these actions
produce motion in the
earthworm?
Exoskeleton
Arthropods (insects,
spiders, etc) have an
external skeleton made of
chitin (a carbohydrate).
Muscles attach to the
exoskeleton, which is
flexible at the joints.
What are some advantages
and disadvantages of an
exoskeleton?
Endoskeleton
Vertebrates have an
endoskeleton made
of cartilage or bone.
Bone and cartilage
are living tissue
(connective tissue).
What are some
advantages and
disadvantages of an
endoskeleton?
What is an advantage of an
exoskeleton over an
endoskeleton?
1. Protection for
internal organs.
2. Must be shed for
growth.
3. Becomes heavy if it
is too large.
4. Storage of minerals.
What is an advantage of an
endoskeleton over an
exoskeleton?
1. Provides external
protection.
2. Grows as the
organism grows.
3. Provides a point of
attachment for
muscles.
4. Made of protein.
Functions of the
endoskeleton
Support and protection for the body.
Locomotion (in concert with muscles).
Produce blood cells in bone marrow.
Store calcium and phosphorous.
Store energy in yellow marrow.
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue
consists of
chondrocytes
(cartilage cells) in a
matrix of collagen
protein.
Cartilage is tough,
flexible material that
pads joints and is
found in the nose and
ears.
Bone tissue
Bone is made up of
bone cells in a matrix
of collagen and
minerals.
Three types of bone
cells: osteocytes,
osteoblasts, and
osteoclasts.
Looking at this
arrangement, can you
see why bone and
cartilage take a long
time to heal?
Bones
Bones may made up
of:
Compact bone tissue.
Spongy bone (location
of red marrow)
Marrow cavity
(location of yellow
marrow)
Healing fractures
Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is loss of
bone mass, leading to
brittle bones.
Age, lack of calcium
and Vitamin D,
sedentary lifestyle,
multiple pregnancies,
menopause, alcohol,
and smoking
contribute to
osteoporosis.
Locomotion
Motion in Vertebrates
Motion and locomotion are produced by
muscles pulling on bones.
Joints in the skeleton allow for parts of the body
to flex and extend, allowing for motion.
Ligaments attach bones to bones at the joints.
Muscles attach to bones by tendons. Origin is on
a bone that remains stationary. Insertion is on a
bone that moves.
Hinge joint
A hinge joint allows
flexing and
extending along
one plane.
Pairs of muscles
work opposite one
another to create
motion.
Gliding joints
In gliding joints,
bones slide past one
another.
Gliding joints allow
twisting motion.
Movement
Flexion: decreases angle of a joint.
Extension: increases angle of a joint.
Abduction: movement away from
midline.
Adduction: movement toward midline.
Rotation: turning around an axis.
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