Chapter 1

21Lecture
Lecture

HUMAN ANATOMY
Fifth Edition

Chapter 21
The Cardiovascular System:
The Heart

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Frederic Martini
Michael Timmons
Robert Tallitsch

Introduction
The blood must stay in motion to maintain
homeostasis.
The heart keeps blood moving.

The volume of blood pumped by the heart

can vary widely, between 5 and 30 liters
per minute.

An Overview of the
Cardiovascular System
The heart is a small organ; it is roughly the
size of a clenched fist.
The heart has four muscular chambers:
Right and left atria
Right and left ventricles

Fig
21.6

An Overview of the
Cardiovascular System

[Insert fig 21.1]

Figure 21.1 The Pulmonary and Systemic Circuits

Orientation of the Heart

Figure 21.4 Position of the Heart

The Pericardium

Figure 21.2a,b The Location of the Heart in the Thoracic Cavity

The Pericardium

Figure 21.2c The Location of the Heart in the Thoracic Cavity

The Pericardium

Figure 21.2d The Location of the Heart in the Thoracic Cavity

The heart wall

Parietal pericardium
Epicardium/visceral
pericardium
Myocardium-cardiac
muscle tissue
Fig

Endocardium epithelia tissue

21.3

Intercalated discs & gap junctions

Intercalated discs hold adjacent cardiac muscle
cells together
Cells work together during contraction
Mechanically links cells together

Gap junctions allow ions to pass from cell to cell

Electrical stimulation in one cell can pass directly
into other cells
Electrically/chemically links cells together

Cardiac muscle cells work as a well organized

unit

Structure of the Heart Wall

Figure 21.3c-e Cardiac Muscle Tissue

Fig
21.5

Fig
21.5

Fig
21.6

Internal Anatomy and Organization

of the Heart

Figure 21.6d Horizontal Section of Heart

Heart valves
Heart valves allow blood to flow only in
one direction thru the heart
Atrioventricular valves (AV)-between an
atrium and ventricle
Rt. AV (tricuspid) valve>rt. ventricle
lt. atrium>Lt. AV (bicuspid/mitral) valve>lt. ventricle

rt. atrium>

The Structure and Function

of Heart Valves

Figure 21.7a Valves with Ventricles Relaxed

 Semilunar valves-between the ventricle &

an artery

Aortic semilunar valve>aorta

rt. ventricle>Pulmonary semilunar valve >pulmonary
lt. ventricle>

artery

The Structure and Function

of Heart Valves

Figure 21.7b Valves with Ventricles Contracted

Coronary Circulation

Figure 21.9a Anterior Heart

Figure 21.9b Posterior Heart

Pulmonary circuit
- from heart
to lungs
back to heart

Systemic circuit
- from heart
to body
back to heart

Atria vs. ventricles

Blood enters the heart via atria

Atria have thinner walls than ventricles
Atria pump blood to the ventricles
Ventricles pump blood thru the pulmonary
and the systemic circuit

Right vs. Left

ventricle

Fig
21.6

The left
Ventricle has a
much thicker
myocardium

Heart sounds

The two heart sounds are:

Lub-AV valves closing
Dub-semilunar valves closing

Aortic-2nd intercostals space (Right side)

Pulmonary- 2nd ICS (Left side)
Right AV valve- 5th ICS (Right of sternum)
Left AV valve- 5th ICS (inferior to left nipple)

Heart Valves and Heart Sounds

Closure of the AV
valves create the 1st
heart sound (lub).
Closure of the
semilunar valves
create the 2nd heart
sound (dub).
Placement of a
stethoscope varies
depending on which
heart sounds and
valves are of
interest.

The cardiac cycle

A chamber of the heart can be in one of
two phases:
Systole-contraction of the muscle, ejecting
blood out of the chamber
Diastole-relaxation of the muscle, the
chamber fills with blood
The heart pumps by using cycles of
systole and diastole

Cardiac Cycle

Systole:
contraction phase
Diastole:
relaxation phase

dub

Mid-tolate
diastole
.

lub
Early
diastole

Ventricular
systole

Nodal cells
Nodal cells spontaneously depolarize
causing an action potential
Two groups of nodal cells:
Sinoatrial (SA) node-makes 80-100 AP/min
Primary pacemaker
Posterior wall of the rt. atrium

Atrioventricular AV node-slower than SA node

Secondary pacemeker
Inferior region of the rt. Atrium wall

Figure 49.7 The Heartbeat

Electrical Conduction System

1. Sino Atrial (SA) Node
2. Atrial Ventricular (AV) Node
3. AV Bundle (Bundle of His)
4. L and R Bundle Branches
5. Purkinje Fibers

The Cardiac Cycle

Figure 21.11 The Cardiac Cycle

Fig
21.12

The electrical signal

stimulates contraction of the
chambers

Figure 49.4 The Cardiac Cycle

Left
atrium

P (mm Hg)

Right
ventricle

Pressure in left ventricle

Pressure in aorta

Left
ventricle

Ventricle
contracting

Ventricle
relaxing

V (ml)

Right
atrium

Left ventricular volume

EKG-electrocardiogram
Surface electrodes can monitor the
depolarization of the nodal and
conducting fibers
EKG graph gives electrical and
mechanical diagnostic information

Figure 21.13 The ECG

The Autonomic Innervation of the Heart

The stimulus for

contraction is
generated by
pacemaker cells
of the SA node.
Modified by
the ANS
Modified by
Hormones

Autonomic Control of Heart Rate

Basic rate established by pacemaker cells

that inside the heart (myocardium) called
intrinsic myogenic control
Modified by ANS
Parasympathetic: ACh decreases rate and
contraction force via the Vagus nerve X
Sympathetic: NE increases heart rate and
force of contraction via nerve.

Cardiac Centers in CNS

Cardioaccelatory center
Medulla oblongata (Activates sympathetic
neurons)

Cardioinhibitory center
Medulla oblongata (Parasympathetic neurons )

Centers receive input from

Higher centers (cerebrum)
Receptors monitoring blood pressure
Receptors monitoring dissolved gases

Superior/Inferior Vena Cava

Rt. Atrium
Rt. Atrioventricular valve
Rt. Ventricle
Pulmonary Semilunar valve
Pulmonary Arteries
Lungs
Pulmonary Veins
Lt. Atrium
Lt. Atrioventricular valve
Lt. Ventricle
Aortic Semilunar valve
Ascending Aorta

Normal Functional Heart Anatomy

Congenital Heart Defects

Congenital Heart Defects