Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Chapter
6
6.1 summary
6.2 polymers
6.3 metals and ceramics
6.4 Pathological calcification
Today 6.3 then 6.2
Wed
polymers that we want to degrade
Fri
part of 6.4 + nanobes
Could be Bad
Inflammatory Material
or toxic
Failure
Leachate
Could be
Good
Polymer
maybe
YES
YES
Metal
YES
NO
Ceramic
Maybe
NO
(synergy)
NO
YES
METALS Inside the body is warm, wet, salty and oxygenated. Perfect
conditions for corrosion, so the biocompatible metals listed earlier
are those which resist corrosion under these conditions. This does
not mean that corrosion is never a problem; conditions which
increase corrosion can cause it to happen even in these resistant
materials (see section 6.3 for a very basic description of corrosion).
The most likely conditions are:
1. crevice corrosion : the dissolved oxygen can get used up in a
crevice (crack, or under a nut or washer) and this makes the same
metal in the crevice and on the outside have different
electrochemical potential - crevice material corrodes faster.
2. galvanic couple : when two different metals are near to each other,
they form the terminals of a (short-circuited) battery and the anode
corrodes. Example: dental amalgam (tin, silver) corrodes much
faster if it is placed next to a gold crown.
The ceramics that are changed in the body are generally designed to
do so, e.g bioglass, calcium phosphate cements... are meant to be
chemically altered -- then we call them resorbable or bioerodible (both
good!) and not degrading (bad!). If a hydroxyapatite coating is partially
dissolved as bone is formed in contact with the implant we do not say
degrading we say remodeling (good!)
Sorption
Swelling
Softening
Dissolution
Mineralization 6.4
Extraction
Crystallization
Decrystallization
Thermolysis
Oxidation
Chemical
Both
Stress cracking
Chemical
Thermooxidative
Solvolysis
Physical
Radical scission
Depolymerization
Hydrolysis
Alcoholysis
Aminolysis, etc.
Photolysis ..Visible UV
Radiolysis ..-rays, X-rays, ebeam
Sorption
uptake
Swelling
of water
Softening
or lipids
Dissolution
Mineralization 6.4
Extraction
Crystallization
Decrystallization
Thermolysis
Oxidation
Chemical
Both
Stress cracking
Chemical
Thermooxidative
Solvolysis
Physical
Radical scission
Depolymerization
Hydrolysis
Alcoholysis
Aminolysis, etc.
Photolysis ..Visible UV
Radiolysis ..-rays, X-rays,
e-beam (from sterilization)
O
C
N
H
H2O
OH
H2 N
O
H2O
H2 N
O C OH
N
H
Urethane + water => alcohol + amine
=> ~ COH
H2N ~ + CO2
O
O
N
H
N
H
H2O
N
H
=> ~ NH2
OH
H2N ~ + CO2
And an anhydride
O
O
O
H 2O
OH
O
H2 N
OH
Esters degrade much more easily than ethers, urethanes faster than
ureas, so Fig 3 shows a progression from rapid degradation by hydrolysis..
to degradation by oxidation .. To much slower degradation but error in 3 rd
one