Airport Obstructions

outline
Airport

obstructions
Imaginary surfaces
Height of objects in approach zone
Turning zone
Zonal laws

 Obstructions

are the objects or

entities which are present in the path
of air craft or on the facilities
provided for the aircraft that cause
hindrance to the safe and easy
movement of the aircraft.
Obstructions are mainly related to
type of development and height of
development in case of buildings

Classification of
obstructions
Obstructions

divided into 2 types

Imaginary surfaces
Objects with actual heights

Assumed

surfaces on any airport by

which the aircrafts should move
above of that particular surface only
Different types of the development
in the vertical direction and its
height.

Imaginary Surfaces
These

imaginary surfaces are

basically established surfaces in
relation to airport and to each
runway above which no obstruction
should project.
Size of imaginary surface depends
upon
The category of each runway
Type of approach planned for that

runway

Types of imaginary
surfaces
Imaginary

surfaces

Approach surface
Conical surface
Horizontal surface
Takeoff climb surface
Transitional surface

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 Approach

Surface

Provided at the end of landing side of

runway
Trapezoidal in shape
Diverging away with upgrade
Longitudinally centered on the extended
center-line of runway

ILS = Instrumental Landing System

Non ILS Non Instrumental Landing System

 Take

off climb surface

Similar to approach surface

Provided at the takeoff end of runway
Trapezoidal in shape

Imaginary Surfaces
Horizontal

Surface

Extends from upper edge of transition

surface and ends at lower or inner circular

edge of conical surface
The height of outer horizontal surface
extends from 150 m (above the ARP
elevation) to 9900 m (for airports with length
of runway b/w 900 m and 1500 m) or to
15000 m (for airports having runways length
more than 1500 m)above elevation of airport
reference point.

Imaginary surfaces
The

shape of HIS may or may not be

circular .
The radius of outer limit measured
from the ARP.
Not provided for the airports having
runway length < 900 m.
Structures having height above IHS
are not permitted.

Imaginary Surfaces
Transition

Surface

Trapezoidal in shape
Extends along the landing strip
Slopes upward and outward to the IHS

(Inner Horizontal Surface)

Imaginary Surfaces
Conical

Surface

Extends upwards and outwards from

inner HS to a point which is at some

height above the horizontal surface
Circular in shape

Objects with actual

height
any

object which is located beyond a

distance of 4.5 km from the runway
end is considered as an obstruction if
its height above 30 meter increases
by more than 7.5 meter for each
additional 1.5 km distance from the
runway.
When we reach 15km from runway
end it should not exceed 75m

 Any

object which projects above the

minimum approach flight altitude or
whose height exceeds 150 meter
above the ground is also to be
considered as an obstruction.

Runway Clear zone

Runway

Clear zone

Provided after runway end starting at

60m from the end within approach area

Length determined by approach surface
attaining a height of 30m
It is dependant on the rate at which
approach surface is going up

Runway Clear zone

1 is at the beginning of clear zone that is after moving 60m at the end of strip an
2 is after L distance

Turning Zone
It

is used in the case of emergencies

for turning of aircraft
any object which is located within a
distance of 4.5 km from the ARP is
considered as an obstruction if its
height exceeds 51 meter above the
ground or the established airport
elevation whichever is more

 any

object which is located beyond a

distance of 4.5 km from the ARP is
considered as an obstruction if its
height exceeds 51 meters plus 30
meters for each additional 1.5 km
from ARP.
If the value exceeds 150m with in
15km it remains same

Zoning Laws
Height

Zoning

Given w.r.t. to 4.5km distance from

runway and further w.r.t. every 1.5km

upto a distance of 15km from airport
This area should remain with low profile
of development

Zoning Laws
Land

Use Zoning

Governs the type of development which

is taking place at the adjoining areas of

airport
These are classified as
Closely related like terminal buildings,
parking etc.,
Non-Aviation use like commercial,
industrial, residential or recreational

Zoning Laws
Following

factors must be considered w.r.t. the

zoning laws
Zoning laws or legal rules should not hamper the

somebody rights
Nature of ordinance or law should have the
qualities like
not unreasonable, not arbitrary, not compulsive

Zoning map has to be provided

Defines what type of activity can take place at what
distance
Helps people to decide their activities
It should land use pattern, permissible heights, limits of
zoning laws etc.