Transmission Planning

5.
5.Transmission
TransmissionPlanning
Planning
Summary
Technologies
Radio Network Planning Process
Radio Media & Model Tuning
Network Dimensioning
Transmission Planning
Parameter Planning &
Optimisation
Network Capacity Evolution
Planning Tools
EXPLAIN v3.0 - Nokia 2001 DVassena
5.
5.Transmission
Planning
EXPLAIN CHAPTER 5
Transmission Planning (3)

Network Topologies (2)
Microwave Links (8)
Leased Lines (3)
Cross Connects (3)
Transmission Techniques (4)
5.
5.Transmission
Planning
Basics
Cost for transmission lines accounts for a

great portion of network operational
costs per year
design a network that meets the
design criteria with minimum overall
costs!
Radio part design
BTS
Fixed part design

BTS
BSS
MSC
BSS
BSC Hub
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
5.
5.Transmission
Planning
Differences of RNP and TNP Viewpoints
Transmission capacity must be

planned for the final phase of the
network, not phase by phase.
Suitability of a site for transmission
can change from ideal to useless
when choosing between two
neighbouring candidates
Site changes can cause major
changes in the transmission
network topology
No LOS in the new candidate

change topology
Interference problems re-planning of
MW frequencies
5.
5.Transmission
Planning
Input Data
Customer input
Allowed unavailability and performance figures
Transmission media requirements: own
network / leased line
Blocking probabilities
Protection level and type
Existing transmission infrastructure
Growth estimate and/or required spare
capacity
Radio Network Planning input

Number of BTSs
Number of TRXs / BTS
Nominal site locations
5.
5.Transmission
Planning
Network Topologies
Basics
Transmission topologies are chosen

based on availability and protection
requirements and availability of existing
lines
Costs vs. fail safety (redundancy)
Real networks usually hybrid solutions
POINT-TO-POINT
MULTIDROP CHAIN
STAR (CONCENTRATION POINTS)
LOOP
5.
5.Transmission
Planning
Network Topologies
Different Philosophies
High Transmission
costs
BSC used as a
transmission
concentrator
Small BSCs
TRS capacity gain on
A-ter
Transmission costs
gain
Low Transmission
costs
BSC used as a
transmission
concentrator has a
low influence on
total cost
High capacity BSCs
BTS
MSC
BTS
BSC
BTS
BTS
BTS
BSC/ MSC
BTS
BTS
BTS
5.
5.Transmission
Planning
Microwave Links
Basics
The preferred media when building new

access network links
High capacity transmission links
from 2x2Mbps to 16x2Mbps, 34Mbps and
STM-1 (155 Mbps)
Pro:
low operating costs
easy to install
flexible
quick & reliable solution
Contra:
needs frequency license
environment dependant
link quality (e.g. rainfall)
LOS not always available
Repeater
station
Terminal
station A
Terminal
station B
5.
5.Transmission
Planning
Microwave Links
Types of MW
Long Haul Radios: ~ 30 - 80 km

2 GHz, 7 GHz
Medium Haul Radios: ~ 25 - 45 km
10 GHz, 13 GHz, 15 GHz
Short Haul Radios: ~ 5 - 30 km
18 GHz, 23 GHz, 26 GHz, 38 GHz,
Nokia Metrohopper: < 1 km
57 GHz
(uses oxygen absorption in air to
limit range)
5.
5.Transmission
Planning
Microwave Links
Modulation Methods
PSK - Phase Shift Keying

there are several levels of PSK (2-PSK, 4PSK, )
FSK - Frequency Shift Keying

fixed frequency for 0s and another one
for 1s
QAM - Quadrature Amplitude

Modulation
a mixture of phase and amplitude
modulation
5.
5.Transmission
Planning
Microwave Links
Radio Link Availability

Microwave outages
equipment failures
use protected equipment
hot / warm / cold -standby
caused by nature
temporary failures
self-recovery
use protected connections
Examples of natural outages:

heavy rainfall zones:
most severe in upper bands (2..3dB/km)

significant above 10 GHz
multipath fading
problem with lower bands
5.
5.Transmission
Planning
Microwave Links
How to Avoid Interference
Use the highest available frequency

band
Attenuate the Tx power to a minimum
just to meet the required availability
Locate dishes as low as possible with
maintaining the required LOS
Use big dishes
Use different polarisation
Select your channel(s) carefully
Maintain High-Low -rule on hub sites
Try to get similar received signal
levels at hub sites
5.
5.Transmission
Planning
Microwave Links
High End & Low End
LowEnd
HighEnd
f1 > f2
Tx Freq.=
f1
Tx Freq.=
f2
Rx Freq.=
f2
Rx Freq.=
f1
HI
LO
HI
HI
LO
Simple rule:
keep all links
in a site
"high" or
"low"
5.
5.Transmission
Planning
Microwave Links
LOS Check
To verify LOS between two planned sites

possibility to use a microwave link
Input
site locations
planned antenna height
direction to the other end of link
restrictions to cherry-picker, etc.
Output
LOS/NLOS
minimum antenna height
exact antenna location (rooftop)
panorama picture with
landmarks and their directions
extra observations
(forests,building sites etc.)
5.
5.Transmission
Planning
Microwave Links
Fresnel Zone
Line-of-sight path needed between both nodes

of
a microwave link
Keep 1st Fresnel zone clear of obstacles
nth Fresnel zone: Ellipse around direct path,
where path difference to direct line is n*/2.
1st Fresnel zone
2nd
3rd
d
b
b 274
d [km]
f [ MHz ]
[ m]
Radius for n-th zone = b * sqrt(n)
5.
5.Transmission
Planning
Leased Lines
Transmission lines rented from a 3rd party operator

Leased line provider is usually also a competitor
Contra
Pro
no implementation
effort for buyer
no extra infrastructure
to buy
long distances are
uncritical
high operating costs

unpredictable lead times
(installation)
difficult to deploy (may
include digging,
groundwork..)
no control over the physical
route or the quality of the link
Analyse cost structure of Leased Line

tariffs to decide
whether LL or microwave links are more
economical
5.
5.Transmission
Planning
Leased Lines
Cost Examples
Leased Line Tariffs (Europe)
Leased Line Tariff

30000
2000
28000
26000
24000
USD per month
ECU per month
1500
1000
500
Switzerland
Sweden
Spain
Portugal
Norway
Netherlands
Italy
Ireland
Greece
Germany
France
Finland
Denmark
Belgium
Austria
UK
300km
30km
3km
22000
20000
3km
18000
30km
16000
300km
14000
12000
10000
0
50
100
150
200
km length
Leased Line costs vary greatly

depending on country, link length,
capacity, LL provider and the customer
250
5.
5.Transmission
Planning
Leased Lines
2 Mbit Frame Allocation (Abis)

BTS1
bits
A
Interface
Ater
Interface
Air
Interface
Abis
Interface
Ater
Interface
MSC
TC
BSC
SM
BTS2
BTS 1
1+1+
1
BTS 2
1+1+
1
BTS
3
2+2+
2
Max 12 TRX per 2 Mbit frame

GENERAL RULE for TS
allocation
0 : Synchronization
1 - 24 : TCH
25 - 30 : TRX/BCF SIG
31 : Loop control
TS
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Synchronisation
BTS 1
TRX 1
BTS 1
TRX 2
BTS 1
TRX 3
BTS 2
TRX 1
BTS 2
TRX 2
BTS 2
TRX 3
BTS 3
TRX 1
BTS 3
TRX 2
BTS 3
TRX 3
BTS 3
TRX 4
BTS 3
TRX 5
BTS 3
TRX 6
BTS 1 TRX1 SIG
BTS 1 BCF SIG
BTS 1 TRX2 SIG
BTS 1 TRX3 SIG
BTS 2 TRX1 SIG
BTS 2 TRX2 SIG
BTS 2 TRX3 SIG
BTS 3 TRX1 SIG
BTS 3 BCF SIG
BTS 3 TRX2 SIG
BTS 3 TRX3 SIG
BTS 3 TRX4 SIG
BTS 3 TRX5 SIG
BTS 3 TRX6 SIG
Loop bits / LCB / MCB
BTS 2 BCF SIG
5.
5.Transmission
Planning
Cross-Connects
Transmission equipment to branch

data streams between different
link sets
Non-blocking stage
each input stream is routed to an

output stream
Tasks
switching between link sets

switching between timeslots of a PCM
trunk
dropping & inserting timeslots
5.
5.Transmission
Planning
Cross-Connects
Concentration
64 kbit/s
channels
n
3 x 2 Mbit/s
m
links
i < n+m+k
BSC
Total Traffic (Erl)

Blocking Prob.
1 x 2 Mbit/s
link
i = number of channels
5.
5.Transmission
Planning
Cross-Connects
Grooming
BSC
full 2 Mbit/s frames
not
full
2
Mbit/s
frame
s
5.
5.Transmission
Planning
Transmission Techniques
Transmission methods
CATV
ISDN
PCM
ATM
HDSL
Transmission techniques
PDH
SDH
Transmission media
Fibre
Coaxial cable
Copper cable
Microwave radio
Terrestrial/satellite
5.
5.Transmission
Planning
Multiplexing
ITU- Standard:
8000 samples per sec @ 8bit = 64

kbit/s
32 * 64 kbit/s = 2 Mbit/s line
Lines can be de-/ multiplexed into

lines of higher data rates
8Mbit/s, 34 Mbit/s, 140Mbit/s etc...
1 sec
2 Mbit/s
.... MUX
32 * 64 kbit/s
1 sec
1 sec
MUX/
deMUX 8 Mbit/s
MUX/
deMUX
2 Mbit/s
MUX ....
32 * 64 kbit/s
5.
5.Transmission
Planning
PDH
PDH (Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy)

voice spectrum ~ 4kHz
sampling rate 8 kHz
8 bits per sample
divided into 32 TS (TDM)
USA : 24 timeslots
Europe : 2.048 Mb/s

USA : 1.554 Mb/s
Higher Order PDH Bitrates
140
M
M
U
X
34
M
34
M
34
M
34
M
8M
8M
8M
8M
2M
M
2M
2M
X
2 M
5.
5.Transmission
Planning
SDH
SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy)
all network elements are synchronized to

Primary Rate Clock (PRC)
worldwide standard : interfacing to USA possible
Europe
STM- 1c
STM- 1
STM- 4
STM-16
STM-64
USA
(51.7 Mb/s)
= STS-1
(155.52 Mb/s) = STS-3
(622.08 Mb/s) = STS-12
(2488.32 Mb/s)
= STS-48
(9953.28 Mb/s)
= STS-192
STM4
STM1
STM1
STM1
STM1

Transmission Planning

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5.

EXPLAIN v3.0 - Nokia 2001 DVassena