DESIGN OF AN EARTHQUAKE

RESISTANT STEEL STRUCTURE

M.GOBINATH
PROJECT GUIDE : Mr. A. JAYARAMAN
PROJECT CO-ORDINATOR : DR. N.ARUNACHALAM

AIM
* To design an earthquake resistant

multi-bay multi-storey steel

building for various Indian seismic zones.
*This project also includes the analysis ,design and comparative
study of various seismic resistant techniques such as shear wall
and lateral bracings.
*The multi storey building will be analysed using substitute frame
method , portal frame method and software packages such as
MATLAB, STAAD-PRO are incorporated as an additional
analytical tool.

SCOPE
*A 10 storey steel building is anlaysed and designed
using various seismic resistant devices ( lateral
bracing, shear wall ) for various seismic zones in
India.

LITERATURE STUDIES

McCormac. C. J., (1994)

Structural Steel Design

Harper Collins College
Publishers.

The components of a typical steel-framed structure are:

* Beams
* Columns
*Floors
*Bracing Systems
*Connections
Generally columns used in the framework are hot-rolled I-sections or
concrete encased steel columns.
*The selection of beam sections depends upon the span, loading and
limitations on overall depth from headroom considerations.
*Simple beams with precast floors or composite metal deck floors are
likely to be the most economical for smaller spans.
*For larger spans,plate-girders or plated-beams are used

The different types of floors used in steel-framed buildings are as

follows:
*Concrete slabs supported by open-web joists
*One-way and two-way reinforced concrete slabs supported on
steel beams
* Concrete slab and steel beam composite floors
* Profiled decking floors
*Precast concrete slab floors.

LATERAL LOAD
RESISTING SYSTEMS
FOR MULTISTOREY
BUILDINGS
Yogendra singh,
Professor,IIT,Roorkee

INTRODUCTION :
*Buildings are subjected to vertical loads due to gravity and
lateral loads due to eathquake and wind.
To cater these
*Horizontal framing system (slabs,beams)
*Vertical framing system ( columns )
Lateral load resisting systems and their applications are
studied
1.Shear walls
2.Bracings

SHEAR WALL
*Shear wall is a slender vertical cantilever projected from
the foundation level resisting the lateral loads.
*The behaviour of shear wall is opposite to the name it
suggests
*A shear wall primarily resists the lateral load in flexure
and with little shear deformations.
*The deformation of a shear wall is different from that of
a frame,thus forms a complex behaviour

Braced frame systems :

In common there are three types of bracings are adopted
1) Concentrically braced frames
2) Eccentrically braced frames
3) Buckling restrained bracing
CBF :
CBF are diagonal braced members connected with pinned
connections at beam column junctions. They resist the lateral
forces by this vertical truss action as only axial forces are
developed in it.
It develops ductility by inelastic action in braces thus experincing
tension.they have high elastic stiffness but low ductility.

Eccentrically braced frame :

*It includes beams columns and braces, where these members are
arranged in a manner , where at least one end of the brace is
connected to isolate the segment of a beam called LINK.
*They resist lateral force by combination of frame and truss action,
develops ductility by flexure and shear yielding in links.
Buckling restrained braces :
*It is similar to CBFs in construction,but the difference is it
prohibits braces to buckle in compression.
*Thus ductility is developed by yielding in both tension and
compression.
*This system gives high elastic stiffness and high ductilty.

STEEL BUILDINGS IN
EUROPE PLAN 1ARCHITECTS GUIDE

Main types of beams

Rolled profiles:
*Rolled profiles are commonly used in multi-storey buildings. A
large range of dimensions and steel grades is available. Simple
rolled profiles are well adapted for small and medium span
ranges. Rolled profiles can be curved for architectural
purposes.

Welded profiles:
*Welded profiles are fabricated from plates. They can have

flanges with different dimensions to form a mono-symmetric

section. These profiles offer the possibility to design tapered
members, which optimizes the quantity of material, with
interesting architectural effect.
*This solution is generally used for beams larger than rolled
profiles.

Cellular beams:
* By a process of oxy-cutting and welding, the cellular beams can be

fabricated from rolled profiles. This is a very efficient solution for

office buildings, since it offers several advantages, such as increasing
inertia compared with the basic profile, providing openings for
services (ducts, air-conditioning, etc.) and architectural appearance.
* Even if the openings are generally circular, other shapes are possible
such as hexagonal openings.

Composite beams:
* When a concrete slab is supported by the beam, it is easy to ensure a

structural connection between the slab and the beam. The steel profile
can be a rolled profile, a welded profile or a cellular beam. The latter is
especially recommended for large span floors in multi-storey buildings
(up to 18 or 20 m).

Concrete slab with steel decking

The use of steel decking has many advantages:
* Efficient permanent formwork (the formwork does not have
to be removed after concreting)
*Installation of a steel decking is easier than that of a precast
slab
*Propping during construction is often not necessary.
*A simple steel decking is efficient as permanent formwork at
the construction stage. Special steel deckings have been
developed in order to contribute to the bending resistance of
the floor, as a tension component.
*To optimize structural behaviour, a composite slab with steel
decking can also be designed to contribute to the bending
resistance of the beams (composite beams). This leads to a
reduction in the size of the steel profiles, and subsequently in
the total depth of the floor, the weight of the beam, etc.

CONNECTIONS
Steel construction is based on a simple principle, involving the
assembly of elements, such as columns, beams, bracing
members, tie members. The components of the building
envelope floors and partitions are then connected to the
principal members.
*The main function of a connection is to transfer internal
forces between the members, in a way that is consistent with
the design assumptions pinned or continuous connection.
When the connections are visible, their aesthetic quality can
emphasise the structural behaviour and contribute to the
architectural value of the building

STEEL BUILDINGS IN
EUROPE PLAN 2CONNECTIONS,ARCHITECTS
GUIDE

Types of connections
There are many types of connections for structural
members. The principal types commonly used in multi-storey
buildings are:
* Shear connections
* Moment connections (beam-to-column) for continuous
frames
* Connections of bracing members
These connections can be considered as pinned. This type of
connection is mainly designed to transfer a shear force and a
small axial force.

Bracing connection
Bolted

HIERARCHY OF DESIGN
PLANNING

CONCEPT DESIGN

DETAILED
DESIGN-STEEL
MEMBERS
DETAILED
DESIGNCONNECTIONS,
INTERFACES

Seismic Response Control for High-Rise

Buildings
Using Energy-Dissipation Devices
KAMURA Hisaya
NANBA Takayuki
OKI Koji
FUNABA Taku

Abstract
* This paper discusses required energy dissipation performance for
the long period ground motion on M7 class earthquake
and the ability of JFE hysteretic energy dissipation devices.
This paper describes important points to keep in
mind in the structural design of vibration damping structures
applied to recent high-rise buildings, and outlines
the structural performance of the vibration dampers
developed at JFE Steel.

*An MRF with a hysteretic damper is divided into a main

frame consisting of columns and beams, and a damper

portion consisting of a damper with connecting and
supporting members.
*In shear-yielding type vibration dampers (the wall type and
the assembled stud-panel type), the steel grade and widththickness ratio of the damper steel used in the panel part
both have influences on the hysteretic characteristics and
amount of energy dissipation of the damper

The authors has conducted the following experiments

(1) Cyclic loading experiment with a brace as a single member with variation in the
following parameters:
* the mechanical properties of the axial member,
* the slenderness ratio of the auxiliary steel pipe,
* The width-thickness ratio of the axial member
* the diameter- thickness ratio of the auxiliary steel tube
* The clearance between the axial member
* Auxiliary steel tube structure and
* the hysteresis characteristics as a moment restraint frame with a brace
(2) Partial frame experiment to grasp the applicability
to an actual
(3) High-speed loading experiment with the actual seismic
ground motions considered
(4) Fatigue characteristics experiment
In this section we describe the modelling of hysteresis

*The test specimen used in the experiment is a tubein-tube type

buckling-restraint brace (inner-tube restraint type) in which both

ends are pin connected
CONCLUSION :
In this paper we described the trend in the application of damping
structures to recent high-rise buildings,
important points to keep in mind in the structural design
of damping structures, and an outline of the structural
performance of JFE-developed vibration dampers.
Further, we discussed the required and actual energydissipation
performance of vibration dampers installed
in high-rise buildings.

SHAKING TABLE TESTING OF

SYMMETRIC AND ASYMMETRIC
THREE-STOREY STEEL FRAME
STRUCTURES
T. Trombetti
P. Barrasso
Crew
M. De Stefano

13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering

Vancouver, B.C., Canada
August 1-6, 2004
Paper No. 1248

*This paper presents the results of a comparison study performed

between the numerically predicted and experimentally observed

(through shaking table tests) dynamic behaviours of two scaled
models of steel frame buildings structures: one symmetric and one
asymmetric in plan.
*The models were designed and built to be representative of steel
buildings designed according to the Euro codes 3 and 8 (EC3 and
EC8).
*The models were tested using as base inputs of the El Centro
1940 earthquake The following were the main goals of the test
program:
*understanding the behaviour of asymmetric steel frame buildings;
comparing the response of symmetric and asymmetric building
models
*verify the predictive capabilities (for maximum rotations) of a
simplified approach to the torsional phenomena referred to as
alpha method

Conclusion
*Two building models were designed and constructed; the first one

was a symmetric three storey 1/5 scale model with respect to its
prototype.
*Shaking table tests of a symmetric building model were needed in
order to provide a reference to each result from the asymmetric
building model so that both results could be compared. The
asymmetric building model was characterized by mass eccentricity
equal to about 10% of the model of larger plan dimension; it was not
designed according to any torsional specification in order to isolate
effects of asymmetry.
*The results show a consistent increase in the maximum deformations
at the flexible edge (+ about 30%) with respect to the deformations
observed at the centre of stiffness.

Effect of Steel Plate Shear

Wall on Behavior of Structure
Ugale Ashish B.1 and Raut Harshalata R.2

Abstract
*This paper describes the analysis and design of high-rise steel building

frame with and without Steel plate shear wall (SPSW). In this paper
equivalent static analysis is carried out for steel moment resisting
building frame having (G+6) storey situated in zone III.
* The analysis of steel plate shear wall and the building are carried out
using Software STAAD PRO.
*The main parameters consider in this paper is to compare the seismic
performance of buildings such as bending moment, shear force,
deflection and axial force.
*This paper also focused on the effects comes on the steel structure with
and without shear wall.

There are three different SPSW systems:

* Un-stiffened, thin steel plate shear wall
* Stiffened steel plate shear wall
* Composite concrete steel plate shear wall
*Design of steel building with and without SPSWs carried out as
per the specification given in IS 800- 2007 by using design
software Staad pro.

* Due to presence of SPSW total weight of steel in building is reduced

than building without SPSWs.
* From above result it is observed that, due to use of SPSW in
building there is considerable decrease in value of bending
moment, shear force, deflection and axial force for some columns
and also quantity of steel is reduced.
* Hence steel building with SPSWs is economical compare to without
SPSWs.
* Due to relatively small thickness of SPSW compared to reinforced
concrete shear walls, from architectural point of view, steel shear
wall occupy much less space than equivalent reinforced concrete
shear wall .

*Conclusions
* Results indicate that steel plate shear walls have a large effect on the
behaviour of frames under earthquake excitation. In general, steel
plate increase stiffness of the structure.
* Deflection in case of without SPSW is very large & in case of with
SPSW deflection is very less.
*With the use of steel shear walls in the buildings, the bending
moments in the column are reduced.

Structural behavior of steel

building with concentric and
eccentric bracing:
A comparative study
Zasiah Tafheem, Shovona Khusru
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,
Ahsanullah University of Science and
Technology, Dhaka 1208, Bangladesh

ABSTRACT
*In

the present study, a six storied steel building has

been modelled and then analysed due to lateral
earthquake and wind loading, dead and live load.
*The performance of the same steel building has been
investigated for different types of bracing system
such as concentric (crossed X) bracing and
eccentric (V-type)
* The performance of the building has been evaluated
in terms of lateral storey displacement, storey drift as
well as axial force and bending moment in
columns at different storey level

*The main

aim of the research work has been to identify the type

of bracing which causes minimum storey displacement such
contributes to greater lateral stiffness to the structure.
*Beams and columns have been designed with W steel sections and
each bracing system has been analyzed using HSS section. For
simplification of study same sections has been used for all bracing
systems.
*For all steel members, 50 grade steel has been used. AISC-ASD
method has been followed for member design.

Conclusion
1. The concept of using steel bracing is one of the advantageous

concepts which can be

used to strengthen or retrofit the existing structures.
2. The lateral storey displacements of the building are
greatly reduced by the use of concentric (X) bracing in
comparison to eccentric (V) bracing system.
3. By considering lateral stiffness, the concentric (X) bracing
has been found the most suitable one for the steel building
studied under the present study.

Bracing for Steel Buildings

Dr. Ibrahim Fahdah
Damascus University

Moment connection

Shear connection

Concentrically braced
frames

Eccentrically braced frames

Catenary action in steel framed

buildings with buckling restrained
braces
Haitham Eletrabi , Justin D. Marshall
Civil Engineering Department, Auburn
University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States

ABSTRACT
*The objective of this research is to conduct a detailed study on

the impact of BRBs on the catenary action demands in steel

framed structures.
*Push-down analysis of three, five and eight story steel frames
with and without BRBs was carried out.
*The results showed that buckling restrained braced frames had a
higher load carrying capacity compared to the bare steel frames.
Different BRB placement scenarios and building
*Heights were considered for this study. The BRB placement
scenarios had more impact on the catenary action demands of
the steel frame compared to the different building heights.

*Two eight story steel frames were designed using the

commercial software package SAP2000 to obtain the steel

sections.
*The two frames are located in San Francisco, California and
were designed for Seismic Design Category D with SD5 equal
to 1.2683 and SD1 equal to 0.6451.
*The design loads for the frame were determined based on the
*Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures,
ASCE

CONCLUSION
*The comparison between the BRB frame and the bare eight story

frame indicated that the braced frame had a higher load carrying
capacity compared to the bare steel frame.
*The data also concluded that the side frames in BRB frames resist
more forces compared to the bare steel frame due to the fact that
BRBs increase the lateral stiffness of the side frames.
*It was noticed that the change in building height has a significant
impact only on the load carrying capacity of the frames.In
conclusion, the findings of this study highlight the importance of
accounting for the BRBs when calculating the developed catenary
action forces in the adjacent lateral load resisting systems.
*This will ensure more accurate and efficient design of the overall
structure.

The Evaluation of
Steel Frame Structures
with Viscoelastic
Dampers
Ali Khoshraftar

ABSTRACT
*This paper is focused on the advantages of viscoelastic

dampers (VED) to be used as energy-absorbing devices

in buildings.
*The properties of VED are briefly described.
*The analytical studies of the model structures exhibiting
the structural response reduction due to these viscoelastic
devices are presented.

CONCLUSION
The results of the maximum roof displacement for the
intended structures, indicating that the maximum story
displacement of the roof for all three structures due to the
added damper can be reduced on average so that
viscoelastic damper can significantly reduce the seismic
responses of structures against earthquakes.

*Design of and Experimental

Research on a New Type of Steel

Damper
Zhang X.T.P
P Wang J.J.P
P Wang Z.Q.P
P Chen H.P
P Jia M.X.P
P Li J.P

ABSTRACT
*The design of and the experimental research on a new-

invented steel damper applied to seismic resistance of bridge

structure were introduced in this paper.
* The damper, a non-uniform mild steel cylinder, with a set
of accessories, provides comparatively big damping force
and stroke, either biaxial or uniaxial. Its hysteretic energy
consuming and low-cycle fatigue life were proved through a
series of full-scaled tests.
* Further discussions were carried out on the design and
properties of the damper as well as the material.

The following requirements are taken into account

*a) providing damping force in all directions on the plane
*b) most part of the damper yielding simultaneously
*c) meeting the demand of the force and stroke
*d) satisfactory low-cycle fatigue life.
Push over analyses were carried out with ANSYS
When the height, yielding force and displacement of dampers are
determined, steel material can affect the properties of dampers in the
following aspects:
*The higher the yielding strength, the smaller the diameter of the damper
is, the smaller the maximum strain is and the better the low-cycle fatigue
life is, while the less full the hysteresis loop is.
* If the steel hardens after yielding, the yielding force increases gradually
and the damper may deform into S shaped (shown in the picture 3.1)
during the reciprocating loading, which can remarkably deteriorate the
lowcycle fatigue life.

CONCLUSION
* Applied to seismic resistance of bridge structure, a new type of
steel damper with comparatively high requirements of damping
force and stroke was successfully fabricated, together with
satisfactory low-cycle fatigue life.
*Softening after yielding steel material seems to lead to much longer
fatigue life than hardening material does.
*Between the full hysteresis loop and fatigue life, one has to make a
reasonable choice of dampers depending on the requirements of
practical engineering application.

MULTISTOREY STEEL
BUILDING DESIGN

ADVANTAGES OF STEEL
BUILDINGS
The reasons for using steel frames in the construction of multi-storey
buildings are listed below:
* Steel frames are faster to erect compared with reinforced concrete
frames. The availability of the building in a shorter period of time
results in economic advantages to the owner due to shorter period of
deployment of capital, without return.
* In comparison with concrete construction, steel frames are
significantly lighter. This results in very much reduced loads on
foundations.
* The elements of framework are usually prefabricated in the factory
under effective quality control thus enabling a better product.
* This form of construction results in much reduced time on site
activities, plant, materials and labour, causing little disruption to
normal life of the community, unlike wet concrete construction
process.

* The use of steel makes possible the creation of large, column-free

internal spaces. This is of particular advantage for open-plan offices

and large auditorium and concert halls.
* The use of steel frame when compared with R.C. frame results in
sufficient extra space to accommodate all service conduits without
significant loss in head room.
* Subsequent alterations or strengthening of floors are relatively easy
in steel frames compared with concrete frames.
* The framework is not susceptible to delays due to slow strength gain,
as in concrete construction.
* The material handling capacity required at site in steel construction
is less than prefabricated concrete construction.
* The steel frame construction is more suitable to withstand lateral
loads caused by wind or earthquake.

BUILDING FLOOR PLAN

Common types of floor

system

* The selection of an appropriate flooring in a steel-framed building

depends on various factors like the loads to be supported, span

length, fire resistance desired, sound and heat transmission, the
likely dead weight of the floor, the facilities needed for locating the
services, appearance, maintenance required, time required to
construct, available depth for the floor etc. The different types of
floors used in steel-framed buildings are as follows:
* Concrete slabs supported by open-web joists
* One-way and two-way reinforced concrete slabs supported on steel
beams
* Concrete slab and steel beam composite floors
* Profiled decking floors
* Precast concrete slab floors.

Profiled - decking floors

*In the last three decades, a new form of composite floor

construction, consisting of profiled and formed steel decking with a

concrete topping has become popular for office and apartment
buildings. The structural behaviour is the same as that of reinforced
concrete slab with steel sheeting acting as centring until concrete
hardens and as the tension reinforcement after concrete hardens.
It is popular where the loads are not very heavy.
*The advantages of steel-decking floors are given below:
*They do not need form work
*The lightweight concrete is used resulting in reduced dead weight
*The decking distributes shrinkage strains, thus prevents serious
cracking
*The decking stabilises the beam against lateral buckling, until the
concrete hardens
*The cells in decking are convenient for locating services.

SLENDERNESS RATIO
* To determine the span of the beams used in the steel

structure, the first step required is finding slenderness ratio.

=(L/r)
L= length of the beam
R=radius of gyration

*
*
*

Member
Tension member
Compression member
Roof truss

maxm. slenderness ratio()

180
250
350

Slenderness ratiocalculation

ANALYSIS STAGE
* Two methods have been adopted for analysing the
multistorey steel building

* Substitute fame method for vertical loads.

* Portal method for lateral loads such as wind and
seismic loads

SUBSTITUTE FRAME
METHOD
* Rigid frame high-rise buildings are highly redundant structures.

The analysis of such frames by conventional methods such as

moment distribution method or Kanes method is very lengthy
and time consuming. Thus, approximate methods (such as two
cycled moment distribution method) are adopted for the
analysis of rigid frames under gravity loading, one of such
methods is Substitute Frame Method.
* Substitute frame method is a short version of moment
distribution method. Only two cycles are carried out in the
analysis and also only a part of frame is considered for analysing
the moments and shears in the beams and columns

ASSUMPTIONS
* The assumptions for this method are given below:
1) Moments transferred from one floor to another floor
are small. Hence, the moments for each floor are
separately calculated.
2) Each floor will be taken as connected to columns
above and below with their far ends fixed.

LATERAL LOAD
ANALYSIS
* Multi-storey building frames subjected to lateral loads are

statically indeterminate and exact analysis by hand calculation

takes much time and effort.
* Using simplifying assumptions, approximate analyses of these
frames yield good estimate of member forces in the frame,
which can be used for checking the member sizes. The
following methods can be employed for lateral load analysis of
rigidly jointed frames.

* The Portal method.

* The Cantilever method
* The Factor method

PORTAL METHODASSUMPTIONS
* The Portal Method
* This method is satisfactory for buildings up to 25 stories, hence is
the most commonly used approximate method for analysing tall
buildings. The following are the simplifying assumptions made in
the portal method:

* A point of contraflexure occurs at the centre of each beam.

* A point of contraflexure occurs at the centre of each column.
* The total horizontal shear at each storey is distributed between

the columns of that storey in such a way that each interior column
carries twice the shear carried by each exterior column.

PORTAL METHODPROCEDURE
The steps involved in the analysis of the frame are detailed below:

* The horizontal shears on each level are distributed between the columns
of that floor according to assumption.
* The moment in each column is equal to the column shear multiplied by
half the column height according to assumption .
* The moments are determined by applying moment equilibrium equation
to the joints that the sum of the moments at any joint equals the sum of
the column moments at that joint. These calculations are easily made by
starting at the upper left joint and working joint by joint across to the
right end.
* The shear in each member is equal to its moment divided by half the
girder length. This is according to assumption .
* Finally, the column axial forces are determined by summing up the beam
shears and other axial forces at each joint. These calculations again are
easily made by working from left to right and from the top floor down.

PORTAL METHOD

Procedure for designing

composite floor slab

REFERENCES
*A case of structural design in which viscous dampers are used to
enhance earthquake resistant performance of a building,
Yukihiro tokuda, Beijing
*Experimental verification of the seismic performance of steel
MRFs with compressed elastomer dampers using large scale
real time hybrid simulation, James M richels,Cheng chen
*Seismic resistance design of buildings with velocity dependence
passive energy dissipation devices , Chan tianchyun ,Lin
shihsun, Lu yunpin
*Testing of passive energy dissipation system, Ian D Aiken,
Andrew wittaker.

*Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structures Subjected to Seismic

Forces - Code of Practice (First Revision of IS 13920)

*INNOVATIVE CORRUGATED STEEL SHEAR WALLS FOR MULTISTORY RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS, Tipping and B. Stojadinovic
*Influence of Steel Plate Shear Wall on Multistorey Steel Building Pundkar
R. , Alandkar P. M
*STATE OF THE ART DESIGN OF STEEL MOMENT FRAME
BUILDINGS WITH DAMPERS,H.K.Miyamoto, A.S. Gilani and A. Wada
*Smart Base Isolation Strategies Employing Magnetorheological
Dampers , H. Yoshioka; J. C. Ramallo; and B. F. Spencer Jr.
*DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW BASE ISOLATION SYSTEM FOR
SEISMIC ISOLATION OF STEEL PALLET STORAGE RACKS Robert
Michaela, James A. Courtwrightb, Ernie Ferroc, Andre Filiatraultd, Peter
S. Higginse and Assawin Wanitkorkulf
*Earthquake resistant structures , S.K.DUGGAL
*A study on Tuned mass damper, TAIPEI TOWER
*Case studies on seismic behaviour of buildings, Pankaj agarwal

Thank you