sented by: Mark Jay P.

Baclaan

RUNOFF

What comes to mind when you hear

the word, runoff?

Runof is often defined as the

portion of rainfall, snowmelt,
and/or irrigation water that runs
over the soil surface toward the
stream rather than infiltrating into
the soil.

Runof is the total amount of

water flowing into a stream.

This might occur because soil is saturated to full capacity, because

rain arrives more quickly than soil can absorb it, or because
impervious areas (roofs and pavement ) send their runoff to
surrounding soil that cannot absorb all of it.

There are three physical processes for the movement of soil water: entry, transmission, and storage.
Entry, also known as infiltration, occurs at the water-ground surface boundary. Transmission is the
vertical and horizontal percolation that can occur throughout the entire depth of the soil layer. Storage
can occur throughout the soil profile and is manifested as increased soil moisture.

Environmental conditions that affect these three processes are broadly broken
down into two major categories: natural influences and human activity influences.
Natural processes can have a variety of influences, but human activity typically
results in less water entering the soil profile and thus more runoff at the ground
surface.

http://stream2.cma.gov.cn/pub/comet/HydrologyFlooding/RunoffProcessesInternationalEdition/comet/hydro/basic_int/runoff/print.ht
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Components of Runoff
Runoff has three distinct components namely:
1. Surface Runoff or overland flow ---- part of runoff which
travels over the ground surface and through the channels to
reach the basin outlet.

2. Interflow ---- runoff due to the part of precipitation which

infiltrates into the soil surface and moves laterally through the
upper soil horizons toward streams as perched groundwater
above the major ground level.

3. Groundwater Runoff --- groundwater discharge into a stream due

to deep percolation of the infiltrated water into groundwater
aquifers.

Direct runoff --- same as surface runoff

Subsurface runoff --- same as interflow
Base flow --- same as groundwater
runoff

Factors Affecting
Runoff
Climatic

Factors
Precipitation
Form
Intensity
Duration
Time distribution
Arial distribution
Direction of storm movement in relation to the

orientation of the watershed

Vegetation

interception of rainfall
Evapotranspiration

Factors Affecting Runoff

Physiographic

factors
Watershed characteristics
Size
Shape
Slope
Orientation
Elevation
Stream density
Land use and cover
Infiltration characteristics
Geologic conditions
Topographic conditions
Artificial drainage
Man-made modification

Factors Affecting Runoff

Channel

characteristics

Slope
Length
Cross section slope
Roughness of channel bed
Tributaries
Storage capacity