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Computer Networks

Introduction

Zaka Ul-Mustafa
Zaka-mcs@nust.edu.pk
Faculty offices, Old telecom building.
Office timings: During Student Teacher Interaction

Text Book

Computer Networks (Fourth


edition)

By Andrew S. Tanenbaum
Data Communication and Networking:
by Fourouzan

For reference books, see course


handout.

Course Goals

Fundamental understanding of the network architecture


and how to provide application requirements

Cover core as well as newer networking technologies

Goal is to cover as much breadth rather than depth

As much hands on experience as possible

Quantitative approach

Home work projects should help

Course policies

Course organization and expectation


Grading policy

Final: 50%
Midterm 30%
Quizzes & Assignments 20%

late policy

None Projects/homework/critiques are due at right


before the beginning of class. I do not accept

late submissions.

Please contact me regarding unforeseen


emergencies

Academic honesty
Plagiarism may not be tolerated.

DATA COMMUNICATION

Communication and Telecommunication.


Data Communication---------- Exchange of 0s
and 1s.
Data Communication --------- Local; Remote
Effective Data Communication:
(Fundamental characteristics)
a) Delivery-------- correct destination
b) Accuracy------- correct data
c) Timeliness----- Same order; No significant
delay

Block Diagram of a
communication System

Components

Data or Massage
Sender
Receiver
Link or Medium or communication
Channel
Protocol

Network Applications

Marketing and Sales


Financial Services
Manufacturing
Electronic Messaging
Directory Services
Information Services
Electronic Data Interchange
Teleconferencing
Cellular TelePhone
Cable Television

Uses of Computer
Networks

Business Applications
Home Applications
Mobile Users
Social Issues

Business Applications of
Networks
A network with two clients and one

server.
Resource Sharing & Client
Server Model

Business Applications of
Networks (2)

The client-server model involves


requests and replies.

Strong Communication. Emails,


video conferencing
Manufacturing Processes
Inventory control
E-commerce

Home Network
Applications

Access to remote
information (hobbies, newspapers)
Person-to-person
communication
Interactive entertainment
Electronic commerce

Mobile user
Social issues (e.g privacy issues,)

Home Network
Applications (3)

Some forms of e-commerce.

PROTOCOLS

Merely sending the bit stream from


one node to another and expecting
a proper communication to occur !
Life is not that simple!!!
Protocol defines: What is
communicated; how it is
communicated and When it is
communicated.

STANDARDS

There are many factors needed to be


synchronized.
Why standards are necessary?(Competitive Market)
Two types of standards:
a) De facto (By Fact)
b)De Jure (By Law)
i) Proprietary (closed standards)
ii) Nonproprietary (Open standards;Developed
by groups or committees)

De Jure Standards

De jure standards are those


ratified by recognized international
standards bodies such as the ISO
and IEEE. Ethernet is an example
of a de jure standard

De facto standards

de facto standards usually result from a standards battle in


the market where dominance is achieved by being first,
being bigger, being better or having more marketing clout.
But standards battles can also be won by second to market,
smaller, inferior products and standards. The Sony
Playstation was second to market after Sega
Those which arent necessarily open or based on any de jure
standards. DOS is an example of a de facto standard.
At a time when it mattered, there were three distinct DOS
products on the market: MS-DOS from Microsoft, PC DOS
from IBM, and DR DOS from Digital Research. Although they
were similar products with similar features, each had its
own quirks which meant you could never be 100 per cent
certain your software would run on them all.

Standards and
Organizations

Standards are developed by cooperation


between: Standards Creation committees,
forums and government agencies
Standards Creation Committees:
a) ISO(International standards Organization,1947,82 members)
Provides models for Compatibility, improved Quality, increased productivity
decreased prices)

b) ITU-T

(International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunication


Standards Sector)
United nation developed CCIIT.
Two popular standards developed by ITU are V series and X series.

c) IEEE
It sponsored an important project for local area network called Project 802

Forums

To accommodate the need of working models,


agreements and to facilitate the process of
standardization.
Forum works with universities and users to
test evaluate and standardize new
technologies.
Internet Society (ISOC) and Internet
Engineering Task Force(IETF)
ISOC concentrates on user issues, including enhancement to the
TCP/IP protocol suit.
IETF reviewa internet software and hardware.
e.g SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol)

Regulatory Agencies

All communication Technologies


require approval from Government
Agencies
The purpose of these agencies is to
protect people interest by regulating
radio and Wireless communication
IN Pakistan: PTA (Pakistan Telecom
Authority)
In America: FCC

Network Hardware
Local Area Networks
Metropolitan Area Networks
Wide Area Networks
Wireless Networks
Home Networks
Internetworks

Broadcast Networks
Types of transmission
technology
Broadcast links
Point-to-point links

Metropolitan Area
Networks

A metropolitan area network based


on cable TV.

Wide Area Networks

Relation between hosts on LANs


and the subnet.

Wide Area Networks (2)

A stream of packets from sender to


receiver.

Broadcast Networks
Types of transmission technology
Broadcast links

By a specific bit pattern in address field


Multicast, one bit for indicating multicast
transmission other n-1 bits for group
address.

Point-to-point links

Also called Unicasting

Broadcast Networks (2)

Classification of interconnected
processors by scale.

Types of Networks

There are three different ways in


which we classify the networks
Organizational Point of View
Geographical Point of View
Computing Point of View

Organizational Point of View

From organizational point of view,


networks are divided into two
types

Peer-to-Peer
Server based

Peer-to-Peer

These are also called Workgroups.


A peer-to-peer network comprises of
10 or less users and is suitable for
small-sized business organizations.
In this model of networking the
resources are randomly scattered on
the network with every machine
acting as a server as well as client

Server Based networks

They are sometimes referred to as


Domains.
This is a centralized model of networking
with resources placed on a dedicated
machine called Server.
There is no user limit as such, as it
depends directly on your hardware
resources and capacity to support users.

Geographical Point of
View
From geographical point of view,

there are three types of networks.


LAN
WAN
MAN/CAN

LAN or Local Area


Network

A LAN encompasses a small


area such as a floor or a
building with all the
machines connected directly
via the same medium
generally.

LANs may be characterized by:

their size
Their transmission technology
Their topology

Tree

Local Area Networks

Arbitration may
be centralized or
distributed

Channel
allocation may be
static (e.g round
Two broadcast
robin)
or dynamic
networks
(a) Bus
(centralized or
(b) Ring
decentralized).

Local Area Network

Mesh:
How many cables and I/O ports are needed?
Advantages & disadvantages

Some more topologies

Star:
Hub. As a repeater, active Hubs, passive Hubs.
Advantages
Less cables as compared to ?
In case of a single link failure
Easy Fault Identification
Disadvantages
Reletively more cables .
Tree topology
Hybrid topology.

Mesh topology

WAN or Wide Area


Network

A WAN comprises of a very large


physical area that covers countries
and continents. Internet is one
good example of a WAN. The
machines in a WAN are connected
through different mediums and
protocols. Generally, the Dial-upNetworks are used for this purpose.

Wide Area Network

Wide Area Networks

Relation between hosts on LANs and the subnet.

Host: Machines for running user


programs.

Wide Area Networks (2)

A stream of packets from sender to


receiver.

STORE & FORWARD

MAN (Metropolitan Area


Network)
or
A
MAN
is
almost
similar
to
a
WAN
CAN (Campus Area Network)
except that a MAN only
encompasses an area that is within a
city.
CAN is a campus area Network
which is used with in a campus for
the sharing of resources.

Computing Point of View


Networks are divided into
two types from the point
of view of computing.
1. Centralized Networks
2. Client-Server Networks

Centralized Networks

The centralized networks rely


totally on one dedicated machine
called server for all the processing
and computing and the clients or
the terminals act as dumb entities.
If the client requires a certain set
of data, whole of the data set is
transferred at the client end, which
also is wastage of the network
bandwidth.

Client-Server
In this model of networking, only
theNetworks
required set of data is returned
to the client while both the server
and the client take part in the
processing or computing of the
queries.
This is a more efficient way of
processing and is hence applied
generally more than the centralized
method, nowadays. .

Wireless Networks (2)

(a) Bluetooth
configuration
(b) Wireless LAN

Wireless Networks (3)

(a) Individual mobile


computers
(b) A flying LAN

Network Software

Layers . To reduce complexity


Shielding, data encapsulation
Peer layers
Protocol. The agreement between layers and
parties.
Interfaces
No data is directly communicated between two
layers
Protocol stack
Network architecture. Set of layers and
protocols.

Dessign issues

Addressing
Error control
Flow control
Multiplexing
Routing

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