Prestressed Concrete Beam Camber BT84

The following is an example of calculations performed to determine

the time dependent camber values and prestress losses for a BT84
precast concrete beam with a span length of 150 feet. The beam
has 56 strands including 28 deflected strands. The assumed beam
spacing is 6-0. An 8 deck with 2 of build-up was assumed.

Prestressed Concrete Beam Camber BT84

Compute upward deflection at release of strand

Assume that at release that the modulus of elasticity is 0.70 times the
final value.
EC = (0.70) 33000K1wC1.5 fC (AASHTO 5.4.2.4-1)
= (0.70)(33000)(1.0)(0.145)1.5(7.00) = 3374 ksi
I = 710000 in4

A = 772 in4 yb = 42.37

yC = 4.68

ye = 22.37

w = 0.06925 k/in

Prestressed Concrete Beam Camber BT84

Compute initial stress loss

Total jacking force = (31 kips/strand)(56 strands) = 1736 kips
Start with 15 ksi loss in prestress at release
Strand stress at release = 31/0.153 15.0 = 188 ksi
Prestress force at release = (188)(0.153)(56) = 1611 kips
Prestress moment at midspan at release = (1611)(42.37 4.68)
= 60735 inch kips
3

Prestressed Concrete Beam Camber BT84

Maximum moment from beam weight = (0.06925)(1800)2/8 = 28046 inch kips

Net maximum moment = 60735 28046 = 32689 inch kips
fcgp = Concrete stress at strand cg = 1611 + (32689)(42.37 4.68) = 3.82 ksi
772
710000
Strain in concrete at strand cg = (3.82)/(3374) = 0.0011322
Stress loss in strand = (0.0011322)(28500) = 32.27 ksi
Recompute initial stress loss in strand assuming 30 ksi initial stress loss

Prestressed Concrete Beam Camber BT84

Assume 30 ksi loss in prestress at release
Strand stress at release = 31/0.153 30.0 = 173 ksi
Prestress force at release = (173)(0.153)(56) = 1482 kips
Prestress moment at midspan at release = (1482)(42.37 4.68) = 55856 in. kips
Maximum moment from beam weight = (0.06925)(1800)2/8 = 28046 inch kips
Net maximum moment = 55856 28046 = 27810 inch kips
fcgp = Concrete stress at strand cg = 1482 + (27810)(42.37 4.68) = 3.39 ksi
772
710000

Strain in concrete at strand cg = (3.39)/(3374) = 0.001005

Stress loss in strand = (0.001005)(28500) = 28.64 ksi
Assume an initial loss of 29 ksi

Prestressed Concrete Beam Camber BT84

Use 174 ksi stress in strand, 1491 kips, and a strain value of 0.001005
Use the Moment-Area method to determine the upward deflection of the beam
at release.
Compute the moment in the beam induced by the prestressed strands.
See the following drawings that are used in deflection calculations.

Prestressed Concrete Beam Camber BT84

Prestressed Concrete Beam Camber BT84

Use the Moment Area method to determine the deflection at midspan from the
prestress force at release. The deflection is equal to the moment of the area of
the M/EI diagram between the end of the beam and midspan about the end
support.

The moment of the area between midspan and the end of the beam about the
end of the beam =
(720)(0.000012448)(720/2) + (360/2)(0.000023459)(720+360/4) +
(0.000023459 0.000012448)(720/2)(2/3)(720) = 8.55
This is the upward deflection caused by the load from the prestress strand not
including the weight of the beam.

Prestressed Concrete Beam Camber BT84

The downward deflection of the beam from self weight =

5wL4
384EI

w = 0.06925 kips/inch, L = 1800 inches, E = 3374 ksi, I = 710000 in4

= (5)(0.06925)(1800)4 = 3.95 inches

(384)(3374)(710000)

The net upward deflection at midspan at release =

8.55-3.95 = 4.60 inches

Prestressed Concrete Beam Camber BT84

Compute the upward deflection 3 months after release.

The creep coefficient is determined from AASHTO formula 5.4.2.3.2-1,
(t, ti) = 1.9 ks khc kf ktd ti-0.118
k s = 1.45 0.13(V/S) 1.0
V/S is the volume to surface ratio =

772 = 2.67
288.8

ks = 1.45 0.13(2.67) = 1.10

10

Prestressed Concrete Beam Camber BT84

khc = 1.56 0.008H,

H = 70

(From AASHTO Figure 5.4.2.3.3-1)

khc = 1.56 (0.008)(70) = 1.0

kf =

5 =
5 = 0.625
1+fc 1 + 7.0

ktd =

t
=
90
= 0.732
61 4fc + t
61 (4)(7.0) + 90

ti = 1.0 days

11

Prestressed Concrete Beam Camber BT84

(t, ti) = (1.90)(1.10)(1.0)(0.625)(0.732)(1.0)-0.118 = 0.956

Creep deflection = (0.956)(4.60) = 4.40 inches
Compute strand stress loss due to creep.
fpCR = Ep fcgp (t, ti) Kid
(5.9.5.4.2b-1)
Eci
Kid =
1
1 + EpAps [1+ Age2pg][1 + 0.7b(tf, ti)]
EciAg
Ig

12

Prestressed Concrete Beam Camber BT84

Ep = 28500 ksi
Aps = (56)(0.153) = 8.57 in2
Eci = 3374 ksi
Ag = 772 in2
epg = 37.69 in
Ig = 710000 in4
b = 0.956
fcgp = 3.39 ksi
13

Prestressed Concrete Beam Camber BT84

Kid =

1
1 + (28500)(8.57) [1+ (772)(37.69)2][1 + (0.7)(0.956)]
(3374)(772)
710000

= 0.715

fpCR = (28500)(3.39)(0.956)(0.715) = 19.57 ksi

(3374)

Compute strand stress loss from shrinkage

fpSR = bidEpKid
bid = ks khs kf ktd 0.48x10-3 (AASHTO 5.9.5.4.2a, 5.4.2.3.3-1)

14

Prestressed Concrete Beam Camber BT84

ks = 1.45 0.13(2.67) = 1.10
khs = 2.00 0.014H, H=70, khs = 2.0 (0.014)(70) = 1.02
kf =

5 =
1+fc

5 = 0.625
1 + 7.0

ktd =

t
=
90
= 0.732
61 4fc + t 61 (4)(7.0) + 90

bid = (1.10)(1.02)(0.625)(0.732)(0.48x10-3) = 0.0002464

fpSR = (0.0002464)(28500)(0.715) = 5.02 ksi

Total prestress loss at 90 days from creep and shrinkage = 19.57 + 5.02 = 24.59 ksi
15

Prestressed Concrete Beam Camber BT84

Downward deflection from creep and shrinkage loss = (8.55)(24.59/174) = 1.21 inches
Strand stress loss from relaxation (AASHTO C5.9.5.4.2c-1)
= fpR1 = fpt log(24t) [(fpt/fpy) -0.55] [1- 3(fpSR + fpCR) ]Kid
KL log(24t1)
fpt
fpt = stress after transfer = 174ksi
t = 90 days
KL = 45
ti = 1.0 days
fpy = (0.90)(270) = 243 ksi
fpSR = Stress loss in strand from shrinkage = 5.02 ksi
fpCR = Stress loss in strand from creep = 19.57 ksi
Kid = 0.715

16

Prestressed Concrete Beam Camber BT84

fpR1 = (174) log [(24)(90)] [(174/243) 0.55] [1 3(5.02 + 19.57)](0.715) = 0.639 ksi
(45) log [(24)(1.0)]
174
Downward deflection due to relaxation in strand = (0.639)(8.55) = 0.03 inches
(174)
Total downward deflection due to strand stress loss = 1.21 + 0.03 = 1.24
Total upward deflection at 3 months = 4.60 + 4.40 1.24 = 7.76 inches
Compute downward deflection due to deck
= 5wL4
384EI
17

Prestressed Concrete Beam Camber BT84

Assumed beam spacing = 6-0
Deck thickness = 8
Assumed build-up = 2
Sectional area of deck = (0.667)(6.0) + (0.167)(4.0) = 4.67 ft2
Deck weight per foot = (0.150)(4.67) = 0.700 kips/ft = 0.05833 kips/inch
L = 150 feet = 1800 inches
EC = 33000 K1 wc1.5 fc = (33000)(1.0)(0.145)1.57.00 = 4821 ksi
w = 0.0583 kips/inch
18

Prestressed Concrete Beam Camber BT84

I = 710,000 in4
=

(5)(0.0583)(1800)4 = 2.33 inches

(384)(4821)(710000)

Compute strand stress gain from the deck load

Moment from deck = (0.0583)(1800)2 = 23611 inch kips
(8)
Concrete stress = (23611)(37.69) = 1.253 ksi
(710000)
Strain in concrete = 1.253 = 0.0002599
4821
Stress gain in strand = (28500)(0.0002599) = 7.41 ksi
Upward deflection from strand stress gain = (8.55)(7.41) = 0.36 inches
(174)

19

Prestressed Concrete Beam Camber BT84

Determine deflections and strand stress losses after deck is in place
Compute the transformed moment of inertia ( I ) for the beam with the deck in place.
Assume deck concrete strength = 4.00 ksi.
Ebeam = 4821 ksi
Edeck = 33000K1WC1.5 fC = (33000)(1.0)(0.145)1.5(4.00) = 3644 ksi
n = Ebeam = 4821/3644 = 1.32
Edeck
Effective deck width = 6.00/1.32 = 4.55 feet = 54.6 inches

20

Prestressed Concrete Beam Camber BT84

Distance to composite centroid from bottom of beam =

(772)(42.37) + (54.60)(8.00)(88.00) = 58.86 inches
772 + (54.60)(8.00)
Composite Moment of Inertia = IC =
710,000 + (772)(58.86 42.37)2 + (54.60)(8.00)3 + (8.00)(54.60)(88.00 58.86)2 =
12
1,293,156 in4
21

Prestressed Concrete Beam Camber BT84

Total transformed area = 772 + (8)(54.6) = 1209 in2
Strand cg to composite girder cg = 58.86 4.68 = 54.18 inches
Compute creep deflection five years beyond release of prestress
The creep factor to be applied to deflection at release = b(tf , ti) - b(td , ti)
The creep factor to be used for deflection from deck = b(tf , td)Kdf
(tf, ti) = 1.9 ks khc kf ktd ti-0.118
ks = 1.10
khc = 1.0
kf = 0.625

22

Prestressed Concrete Beam Camber BT84

ktd =

1825

= 0.98

61 4fc + t 61 (4)(7.0) + 1825

ti = 1
(tf, ti) = (1.9)(1.10)(1.0)(0.625)(0.98)(1.0)-0.118 = 1.28
(td, ti) = 1.9 ks khc kf ktd ti-0.118
ks = 1.10
khc = 1.0
kk = 0.625
ktd =

t
61 4fc + t

90

= 0.73

61 (4)(7.0) + 90

23

Prestressed Concrete Beam Camber BT84

ti = 1
(td, ti) = (1.9)(1.10)(1.0)(0.625)(0.73)(1.0)-0.118 = 0.95
b(tf , ti) - b(td , ti) = 1.28 0.95 = 0.33
Compute the creep applied to deck deflection at five years beyond release of
prestress. Base this deflection on an elastic deflection assuming a full
composite moment of inertia at time of application of deck load.
= 5wL4
384EI
= (5)(0.05833)(1800)4 = 1.28 inches
(384)(4821)(1293156)
24

Prestressed Concrete Beam Camber BT84

Apply creep factor
(tf, td) = 1.9 ks khc kf ktd ti-0.118
ks = 1.45 0.13(V/S)
V = 773 in3/in, S = 289 in2/in, V/S = 773/289 = 2.67
ks = 1.45 0.13(2.67) = 1.10
khc = 1.0
kf = 0.625
ktd =

t
=
1825
= 0.982
61 4fc + t 61 (4)(7.0) + 1825
25

Prestressed Concrete Beam Camber BT84

ti = 90 days
(tf, td) = (1.90)(1.10)(1.0)(0.625)(0.982)(90)-0.118 = 0.754
Creep deflection from deck = (0.754)(1.28) = 0.96 inches
Compute upward deflection of beam from creep applied to upward at release of
prestress. As with deck deflection, base this deflection on an elastic deflection
assuming a full composite moment of inertia at time of release.
Deflection at release based on non composite moment of inertia = 4.60.
Deflection if beam were composite = (4.60)(710000) = 2.52
(1293156)
Creep deflection from release of prestress = (0.33)(2.52) = 0.83

26

Prestressed Concrete Beam Camber BT84

Compute downward deflection from strand stress loss due to creep and shrinkage.
From AASHTO 5.9.5.4.3a-1, the strand stress loss from shrinkage
after deck placement =
fpSD = bdfEpKdf
Kdf =

1
1 + EpAps [1+ Ace2pc][1 + 0.7b(tf, ti)]
EciAc
Ic

b(tf, ti) = 1.9 ks khc kf ktd ti-0.118

ti = 90
k s = 1.10
khs = 1.02
kf = 0.625

27

Prestressed Concrete Beam Camber BT84

ktd =

t
=
1825
= 0.982
61 4fc + t 61 (4)(7.0) + 1825

b(tf, ti) = (1.9)(1.1)(1.02)(0.625)(0.982)(90)-0.118 = 0.77

Kdf =

1
1 + (28500)(8.57) [1+ (1209)(54.18)2][1 + (0.7)(0.77)]
(3375)(1209)
(1293156)

= 0.743

bdf = ks khs kf ktd 0.48x10-3 = (1.1)(1.02)(0.625)(0.982)(0.48x10-3) = 0.0003305

fpSD = (0.0003305)(28500)(0.743) = 7.00 ksi

28

Prestressed Concrete Beam Camber BT84

Compute strand stress loss from creep from deck pour to 5 years after release
fpCD = Ep fcgp[b(tf, ti) - b(td, ti)]Kdf + Ep fcdb(tf, td)Kdf
Eci
Ec
b(td, ti) = (1.90)(1.10)(1.0)(0.625)(0.732)(1.0-0.118) = 0.956
b(tf, ti) = 1.9 ks khc kf ktd ti-0.118
ti = 1
ks = 1.0
khc = 1.0
kf = 0.625
29

Prestressed Concrete Beam Camber BT84

ktd =

t
=
1825
= 0.982
61 4fc + t 61 (4)(7.0) + 1825

b(tf, ti) = (1.9)(1.10)(1.0)(0.625)(0.982)(1)-0.118 = 1.283

b(tf, td) = 1.9 ks khc kf ktd ti-0.118
ktd =

t
=
1735
= 0.981
61 4fc + t 61 (4)(7.0) + 1735

b(tf, td) = (1.9)(1.1)(1.0)(0.625)(0.981)(90)-0.118 = 0.754

30

Prestressed Concrete Beam Camber BT84

b(tf, td) = (1.9)(1.1)(1.0)(0.625)(0.981)(90)-0.118 = 0.754
Ep = 28500 ksi
Eci = 3374 ksi
Ec = 4821 ksi
fcgp= 3.39 ksi
fcd = Change in concrete stress at strand cg due to losses between transfer and
deck placement and stress loss from deck placement
Total strand losses between transfer and deck placement =
19.57 + 5.02 + 0.639 = 25.23 ksi
31

Prestressed Concrete Beam Camber BT84

Concrete stress loss from prestress loss =
25.23 + (25.23)(0.153)(56)(42.37-4.68)(42.37-4.68) = 0.465 ksi
772
710000
Stress loss in concrete at strand cg from deck placement = My
I
M = wL2 = (0.05833)(1800)2 = 23624 inch kips
8
8
y = 37.69 inches, I = 710000 in4
Stress loss in concrete from deck = (23624)(37.69) = 1.25 ksi
(710000)
fcd = 0.465 + 1.25 = 1.71 ksi
32

Prestressed Concrete Beam Camber BT84

Kdf =

1
1 + EpAps [1+ Ace2pc][1 + 0.7b(tf, ti)]
EciAc
Ic

Kdf =

1
1 + (28500)(8.57) [1+ (1209)(54.18)2][1 + (0.7)(1.283)]
(3374)(1209)
1293156

= 0.701

fpCD = (28500) (3.39)[1.283 0.956](0.701) + (28500) (1.71)(0.754)(0.701) = 11.91 ksi

(3374)
(4821)
Total stress loss from deck poor to 5 years = 7.00 + 11.91 = 18.91 ksi

33

Prestressed Concrete Beam Camber BT84

On the non composite section, this stress loss would result in the following
deflection:

= (18.91)(8.55) = 0.93 inches

174
With the composite section, = (0.93)(710000) = 0.51 inches
(1293156)

The total upward deflection between the time of the deck pour and 5 years =
-0.96 + 0.83 -0.51 = -0.64 inches
34

Prestressed Concrete Beam Camber BT84

Compute shortening 2 weeks after transfer of prestress
Compute creep coefficient at 2 weeks (14 days)
(t, ti) = 1.9 ks khc kf ktd ti-0.118
ks = 1.45 0.13(2.67) = 1.10
khc = 1.56 0.008H,

H = 70

(From AASHTO Figure 5.4.2.3.3-1)

khc = 1.56 (0.008)(70) = 1.0

kf =

5 =
1+fc

5 = 0.625
1 + 7.0

ktd =

t
=
14
= 0.30
61 4fc + t 61 (4)(7.0) + 14
35

Prestressed Concrete Beam Camber BT84

ti = 1.0
(t, ti) = (1.90)(1.10)(1.0)(0.625)(0.30)(1.00)-0.118 = 0.39
Shortening at release = (1491)(1800) = 1.03 inches
(772)(3374)
Shortening from creep = (1.03)(0.39) = 0.40 inches
Compute shrinkage coefficient at 2 weeks (14 days)
sh = ks khs kf ktd 0.48x10-3
ks = 1.45 0.13(2.67) = 1.10
khs = 2.00 0.014H, H=70, khs = 2.0 (0.014)(70) = 1.02

36

Prestressed Concrete Beam Camber BT84

kf =

5 =
1+fc

5
= 0.625
1 + 7.0

ktd =

t
=
14
= 0.30
61 4fc + t 61 (4)(7.0) + 14

sh = (1.10)(1.02)(0.625)(0.30)(0.48x10-3) = 0.00010098
Shortening from shrinkage = (1800)(0.00010098) = 0.18 inches
Neglect effects of strand relaxation
Total shortening at 2 weeks = 1.03 + 0.40 + 0.18 = 1.61 inches

37

Prestressed Concrete Beam Camber BT84

Compute total stress loss at 27 years
The total loss in strands up to the time of deck pour (90 days) =
29 + 19.57 + 5.02 + 0.64 = 54.23 ksi
Strand stress gain from deck pour = 7.41 ksi
Strand stress loss after deck pour = 54.23 7.41 = 46.82 ksi
Strand stress loss due to shrinkage between time of deck pour and 27 years =
fpSD = bdfEpKdf
Kdf =

1
1 + EpAps [1+ Ace2pc][1 + 0.7b(tf, ti)]
EciAc
Ic

.
38

Prestressed Concrete Beam Camber BT84

b(tf, ti) = 1.9 ks khc kf ktd ti-0.118
ks = 1.45 0.13(V/S)
V = 773 in3/in, S = 289 in2/in, V/S = 773/289 = 2.67
ks = 1.45 0.13(2.67) = 1.10
khs = 1.02
kf = 0.625
ktd =

t
=
9855
= 1.00
61 4fc + t 61 (4)(7.0) + 9855

ti = 90.0

39

Prestressed Concrete Beam Camber BT84

b(tf, ti) = (1.90)(1.10)(1.02)(0.625)(1.00)(1)-0.118 = 1.33
Kdf =

1
1 + (28500)(8.57) [1+ (1209)(54.18)2][1 + (0.7)(0.78)]
(4821)(1209)
1293156

= 0.805

bdf = ks khs kf ktd 0.48x10-3

bdf = (1.1)(1.02)(0.625)(1.00)(0.48x10-3) = 0.000336
fpSD = (0.000336)(28500)(0.805) = 7.71 ksi
Compute loss in strand from creep from time of deck pour to 27 years
fpCD = Ep fcgp[b(tf, ti) - b(td, ti)]Kdf + Ep fcdb(tf, td)Kdf
Eci
Ec

40

Prestressed Concrete Beam Camber BT84

Ep = 28500 ksi
Eci = 4821 ksi
fcgp = 3.39 ksi
b(tf, ti) = 1.9 ks khc kf ktd ti-0.118
b(tf, ti) = (1.90)(1.10)(1.02)(0.625)(1.00)(1)-0.118 = 1.33
b(td, ti) = 1.9 ks khc kf ktd ti-0.118
ktd =

t
61 4fc + t

90
61 (4)(7.0) + 90

= 0.73
41

Prestressed Concrete Beam Camber BT84

b(td, ti) = (1.90)(1.1)(1.0)(0.625)(0.73)(1.0)-0.118 = 0.95
b(tf, td) = 1.9 ks khc kf ktd ti-0.118
ti = 1
ktd =

t
=
9765
= 1.00
61 4fc + t 61 (4)(7.0) + 9765

b(tf, td) = (1.90)(1.1)(1.0)(0.625)(1.00)(1)-0.118 = 1.31

Compute fcd
Strand stress loss between time of transfer and deck pour = 46.82 ksi
42

Prestressed Concrete Beam Camber BT84

Prestress force loss = (46.82)(56)(0.153) = 401 kips
Moment loss = (401)(37.69) = 15114 inch kips
Stress loss in concrete = 401 + (15114)(37.69) = 1.32 ksi
772
(710000)
Moment from deck = 23611 inch kips

Concrete stress loss at strand cg = (23611)(37.69) = 1.25 ksi

(710000)
fcd = 1.32 + 1.25 = 2.57 ksi
fpCD = Ep fcgp[b(tf, ti) - b(td, ti)]Kdf + Ep fcdb(tf, td)Kdf
Eci
Ec

43

Prestressed Concrete Beam Camber BT84

fpCD = (28500)(3.39)[1.33 0.95](0.777) + (28500)(2.57)(1.31)(0.805) = 24.78 ksi
(3374)
(4821)
Total prestress loss = 46.82 + 7.71 + 24.78 = 79.31 ksi
Compute strand stress gain from deck shrinkage
fpSS = Ep fcdf Kdf [1+0.7b(tf , td)]
Ec
fcdf =

ddf Ad Ecd
[1+0.7 d (tf, td)]

( 1 - epc ed )
Ac
Ic

ddf = ks khs kf ktd 0.48x10-3

ks = 1.45 0.13(V/S) 1.0
44

Prestressed Concrete Beam Camber BT84

V = (72.00)(8.00) = 576.0 in3/in
S = (72.00)(2) + (8.00)(2) = 160.0 in2/in
V/S = 436.80/125.20 = 3.60
ks = 1.45 0.13(3.60) = 0.982
khs = 1.02
kf =

ktd =

5 =
1+ fci

5
= 1.0
1 + 4.0

t
=
9765
= 0.67
61 4fc + t 61 (4)(4.0) + 9765

ddf = (0.982)(1.02)(1.0)(1.0)(0.48x10-3) = 0.000478

45

Prestressed Concrete Beam Camber BT84

Ad = (72.00)(8.00) = 576 in2
Ecd = 33000K1WC1.5 fC = (33000)(1.0)(0.145)1.5(4.00) = 3644 ksi
b(tf, td) = 1.9 ks khc kf ktd ti-0.118
b(tf, td) = (1.9)(1.1)(1.0)(0.625)(1.0)(1.0)-0.118 = 1.31
d (tf, td) = (1.90)(0.982)(1.2)(1.0)(1.0)(1.0)-0.118 = 1.90
Ac = 1209 in2
Ic = 1293156 in4
46

Prestressed Concrete Beam Camber BT84

epc = 54.18 inches

ed = 84 + 8/2 58.86 = 29.14 inches
fcdf =

(0.0004704)(576)(3644)( 1
- (54.18)(29.14) ) = -0.167
[1+(0.7)(1.90)]
(1209)
(1293156)

fpSS = 28500 (-0.167)(0.805) [1+(0.7)(1.31)] = -1.52 ksi

4821
Total Stress Loss @ 27 Years = 79.31-1.52 = 77.79 ksi

47

Prestressed Concrete Beam Camber BT84

48