Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Proteins
Larry Scheffler
Lincoln High
School
Portland OR
Amino Acids
Amino acids have both
a carboxyl group
-COOH
an amino group
-NH2
in the same
molecule..
Amino Acid
Structure
The general formula of an amino acid
is shown here
The group designated by R is usually
a carbon chain but other
structures are also
possible
3
amino acids
Amino acids found
in proteins are
amino acids.
The amino group
is always found on
the carbon
adjacent to the
carboxyl group
6
Amino Acid
Functions
1.
2.
(asp)
(glu)
9
(ala)
(gly)
((leu
12
(Val)
(Trp)
(Cys)
(Met)
13
(Thr)
(Asp)
(Phe)
(Gln)
(Pro)
14
15
The Zwitterion
This dipolar ion form is known as a
Zwitterion.
17
Contains all 10
essential amino acids
Proteins derived from
animal sources are
complete proteins
Beans contain some
complete protein as
well
Incomplete protein
20
Peptide Bond
When two amino acids combine,
there is a formation of an amide
and a loss of a water molecule
+ H2O
21
Proteins- Levels of
Structure
Amino acids can undergo condensation
reactions in any order, thus making it
possible to form large numbers of
proteins.
Structurally, proteins can be described in
four ways.
1. Primary
2. Secondary
3. Tertiary
4. Quaternary structure.
22
Primary Structure
The primary structure of a protein is
defined by the sequence of amino acids,
which form the protein. This sequence is
determined by the base pair sequence in
the DNA used to create it. The sequence for
bovine insulin is shown below
23
Secondary Structure
24
Tertiary Structure
Tertiary Structure
I.--
26
Quaternary
Structure
Many
proteins are not single strands
The diagram below shows the quaternary
structure of an enzyme having four interwoven
amino acid strands
27
Denaturing Proteins
Denaturing Proteins
Heat
Ultraviolet
Radiation
Strong Acids
or Bases
Urea
Some Organic
Solvents
Agitation
29
A small change in
the sequence of
the primary
structure can
have a significant
impact on protein
structure
In sickle cell
anemia a
glutamic acid is
replaced by a
valine in the
amino acid
sequence
30
Ninhydrin Reaction
31
Xanthroprotic Test
33
34