Nortel V15 EDGE Training1

EDGE RF Seminar
Wireless Network Engineering

Nortel Networks
Nortel Confidential Information
EDGE RF Seminar
Part I
Background & Basics
EDGE Introduction
EDGE stands for Enhanced Data rates for Gsm Evolution and is basically an
extension of the GSM/GPRS Access network.
The administration, maintenance and supervision of EDGE is based on the

currently deployed BSS and it utilizes the GSM / GPRS protocols and architecture.
The GPRS Coding Schemes (CS) are enhanced with new EDGE Modulation and
Coding Schemes (MCS). MCS2 and MCS3 are two coding schemes based on
GMSK whereas MCS 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 are based on 8-PSK.
This new modulation increases the peak radio throughput of a carrier by a factor 3
compared to GPRS.
What is EDGE ?
GPRS
GPRS
8
12
14.4
20
CS-1
CS-2
CS-3
CS-4
CS-1
CS-2
CS-3
CS-4
8
12
14.4
20
GMSK
modulation
EDGE is an extension of GPRS.

The 4 GPRS Coding Schemes are extended with
9 new EDGE Modulation and Coding Schemes
EDGE
GMSK
modulation
Header + Protection
User Payload
8PSK
modulation
8.8
MCS-1
11.2
MCS-2
14.8
MCS-3
17.6
MCS-4
22.4
29.6
44.8
54.4
59.2
MCS-9
Header + Protection
User Payload
Maximum Throughput per TS is increased from 20 kbps to 59.2 kbps.

4
MCS-5
MCS-6
MCS-7
MCS-8
MCS-9
EDGE Summary
>
EDGE = Enhanced Data Rates for GSM (or Global) Evolution
>
Enhancement results from introduction of new modulation (8-PSK) + channel coding

schemes
ECSD (Enhanced Circuit Switched Data): circuit switched channels/

services
EGPRS (Enhanced GPRS): packet switched channels/ services
>
Wireless packet data access to Internet
Same as GPRS only faster and more robust

>
New modulation triples the nominal bit rates
>
Update of the GSM Standard towards 3rd generation networks/mobiles
>
Supports asymmetric traffic on the radio link
>
Strict separation between radio and network subsystem
Difference between EDGE and GPRS is only on air interface

EDGE and GPRS mobiles can be supported simultaneously in a network
>
Resides on existing GSM BSS equipment
EDGE is the in-band 3G solution for GSM operators
EDGE RF Seminar
Part II
E-GPRS architecture
EDGE / GPRS Architecture (Nortel)
Packet Architecture Overview

PSTN
Existing GSM NSS
GPRS Network
BSC
PCUSN
1
SGSN
Serving
Node
GGSN
Gateway
Node
GPRS is an extension of the GSM network, built on top of

the existing infrastructure and consisting of 3 major new components.
8
Internet
The Packetizer: PCUSN
Manages packet radio resources.

Processes the radio packets for the uplink and downlink transmission so as
to minimize the load on the BSC.
Performs buffer management for the arrival packets before they get
processed in the PCUSN, also supports retransmissions between the MS and
the BSS
GSM Counterpart: BSC
VLR
MSC
A
A bis
BTS
Agprs
BSC
PCUSN
Gb
Gn
SGSN
Gi
PDN
GGSN
Intranet
CES
The Packet Router: SGSN
Performs IP-based packet routing

Provides mobility management (including location tracking of the MS inside
the Service Area) and session management.
Performs authentication procedures and security functions
Performs network access control and compression
GSM Counterpart: MSC
VLR
MSC
A
A bis
BTS
Agprs
BSC
PCUSN
Gb
Gn
SGSN
Gi
PDN
GGSN
Intranet
CES
10
The Data Network Gateway: GGSN

Provides a point of interconnection between the (E)GPRS network and
external data network.
Forwards the data packets to and from the PLMN and PDN
Collects charging information that is used for customer billing
Protocol stack has GTP layer which creates a tunnel for the secure
transmission of packets
Requests location information from the HLR for mobile terminated data
packets
GSM Counterpart: Gateway-MSC
VLR
MSC
A
A bis
BTS
Agprs
BSC
PCUSN
Gb
Gn
SGSN
Gi
PDN
GGSN
Intranet
11
CES
EDGE Implementation Requirements

Core Network
Access Network
Terminals
No change on
Core Network
BSC 3000
BSC
MSC
TCU
PSTN
BTS
HLR/AUC
SCP
SGSN
EDGE Radio
S8000/S12000witheDRX/ePA
ecell
PCUSN
Gb
GPRS
Backbone
SW Upgrade v15
12
GGSN
Intranet
Internet
EDGE RF Seminar
Part III
E-GPRS Radio interface physical layer
13
EDGE/GPRS Protocol Stack

Application Layer
Application
Application
Packet Layer
IP
SNDCP
SAPI
LLC
TFI
RLC
MAC
MAC
RF
RF
MS
Um
BSSGP
TLLI
UDP
IP
IP
L2
L2
L1
L1
TMSI/TLLI
L2
L2
L1
L1
GTP
Gbip
UDP
UDP
IP
IP
L2
L2
L1
L1
SGSN
TMSI/TLLI
EDGE is here
14
TID
BSSGP
UDP
BSS
GTP
LLC
LLC Relay
RLC
IP
IP Relay
NSAPI
SNDCP
IP
Gn
GGSN
Gi
End Host
E-GPRS Protocol Stack - BSS
EDGE is here
15
GSM RF Layer
> The GSM RF layer manages the physical link between
MS and BSS.
This layer corresponds physically to the CCU inside the BTS.
> The layer is divided into 2 sub layers:

The Physical RF layer is similar to GSM and is responsible for
modulation/demodulation.
The Physical Link Layer provides information transfer over a
physical channel on the radio interface.
Forward Error Correction
Interleaving of 1 radio block over 4 bursts.
Synchronization procedures (Timing advance).
Radio channel measurements
Power control procedures.
16
(E)GPRS Physical Layer

In (E)GPRS, the physical layer is similar to GSM with
some exceptions:
Channel coding scheme / Modulation is different
CS-x / MCS-x vs. TCH/F, TCH/H, TCH/9.6, TCH/14.4 etc.
Modulation for some EDGE coding schemes is 8-PSK vs GMSK

Interleaving scheme is different
Block rectangular instead of block diagonal or 19-burst interleaving
Source
Interleaving
Burst Formatting
Block rectangular interleaving

Channel
Encoder
Reord &
Partition
Interleaver
Burst
Formatter
GSM
Modulator
Propagation channel
Codeword (456 bits)
Bit reordering
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57
Training sequence
4
57 bits
Filters
Synchronization
Viterbi Equalizer
GSM Demodulator
Burst DeFormatter
De-interleaver
De-partition/reord
Channel Decoder
Output bits
17
Burst (114 information

bits)
57 bits
(E)GPRS Physical Layer:

Block Transmission
PH
Packet (NL PDU)
User Data
data
compr
./
Network layer
decompr
segmentation/assembly (not shown)

SNDCP layer
encryption/decryption
Frame
FH
(LLC
Information Field
FCS
LLC layer
PDU)
Blocks
BH
Info Field
BCS
BH
Info Field
Primary Block
BCS
Following Blocks
BH
Info Field
BCS
...
RLC/MAC layer
channel coding (FEC)

interleaving
burst formatting
Normal
Burst
FH = Frame Header
FCS = Frame Check Sequence
18
Normal
Burst
Normal
Burst
Normal
Burst
BH = Block Header
BCS = Block Check Sequence
Physical layer

EDGE coding schemes
EDGE Improves GPRS Thruput with 8-PSK and New Modulation & Coding
8-PSK Modulation
> GMSK Modulation

1 bit per symbol
Robust but not spectrally efficient
EDGE
GPRS
8
12
14.4
20
3 bits per symbol

Less robust but spectrally efficient
CS-1
CS-2
CS-3
CS-4
Header + Protection
User Payload
GMSK
8PSK
8.8
MCS-1
11.2
MCS-2
14.8
MCS-3
17.6
MCS-4
22.4
29.6
44.8
54.4
59.2
MCS-9
Header + Protection
User Payload
Maximum Throughput per TS is increased

from 20 kbps to 59.2 kbps.
19
MCS-5
MCS-6
MCS-7
MCS-8
MCS-9

EDGE Coding Schemes
Family
C
B
A
C
B
A
B
A
A
20
Coding
Scheme
EGPRS RLC
data unit
size - octets
Number
of Basic
data unit
Number
of Radio
Block
Number
of RLC
data
Block
Required
jokers
Data rate
in kb/s
MCS-1
22
1
1
1 or 1/2*
0
8.8
MCS-2
28
1
1
1 or 1/2*
0
11.2
MCS-3
37
1
1
1 or 1/2*
1
14.8
MCS-4
44
2
1
1
1
17.6
MCS-5
56
2
1
1
1
22.4
MCS-6
74
2
1
1
2
29.6
MCS-7
2x56 = 112
4
1
2
3
44.8
MCS-8
2x68 = 136
4
1
2
4
54.4
MCS-9
2x74 = 148
4
1
2
4
59.2
* When MCS6, MCS5 and MCS4 is respectively re-segmented in MCS3, MCS2 and MCS1

EDGE MCS families
> Each coding scheme belong to a family which is based on
the the same unit of payload size in order to allow
retransmission of RLC block with more robust coding.
Family
Name
Modulation
Schemes
Coding
MCS3,MCS6,MCS9
UserPayload(octets)
37,2x37,4x37
MCS-3
37 octets 37 octets 37 octets 37 octets
MCS-6
MCS-9
Family A
MCS-2
28 octets 28 octets 28 octets 28 octets
A
with
padding
B
MCS3,MCS6,MCS8
MCS2,MCS5,MCS7
34+padding, 2x(34+padding),
4*34
MCS-5
MCS-7
Family B
28,2x28,4x28
MCS-1
MCS1andMCS4
22and2x22
22 octets 22 octets
MCS-4
Family C
EdgegivesthepossibilitytoretransmitablockinadifferentMCSbelonging
tothesamefamily,accordingtothesuccessorfailureofprevioustransmission
ImprovingRetransmissionswithLowerMCS
21
(E)GPRS Coding Scheme Example:

MCS-6 (EDGE)
3 bits
USF
32 bits
612 bits
RLC/MAC HCS FBI E

Hdr.
Data = 74 octets = 592 bits
BCS
TB
Rate 1/3 convolutional coding

36 bits
96 bits
1836 bits
puncturing
P1
SB = 4
36 bits
96 bits
1256 bits
1392 bits
22
P2
1256 bits
(E)GPRS Coding Scheme Example:

MCS-8 (EDGE)
3 bits
USF
45 bits
612 bits
612 bits
RLC/MAC HCS FBI E Data = 592 bits BCS

Hdr.
TB

36 bits
135 bits
36 bits
128 bits
1836 bits
puncturing
puncturing
612 bits
612 bits
612 bits
612 bits
612 bits
612 bits
P1
P2
P3
P1
P2
P3
1392 bits
IR is achieved by retransmission of different Puncturing scheme: P1, P2, P3
23
TB
1836 bits
puncturing
SB = 4
FBI E Data = 592 bits BCS
EDGE MCS Throughputs per TS

59.2
54.4
MCS8
Family B : MCS-2, MCS-5, MCS-7
Family A : MCS-3, MCS-6, MCS-8, MCS-9
MCS9
8-PSK
44.8
MCS7
29.6
MCS6
22.4
MCS5
17.6
MCS4
14.8
MCS3
GMSK
MCS2
11.2
8.8
MCS1
0.0
23.2
46.4
69.6
Raw Bit Rate per TS (kbps)

LLC raw bit rate
RLC/MAC Header (including USF, )
Data overhead, coding & protection
Note that Nortel did not implement MCS-1 & MCS-4 (both from family C), since there is no real gain.
MCS-2,MCS-3,MCS-5,MCS-6,MCS-7,MCS-8,MCS-9 from families A & B are implemented.
24
NortelCS-1
Confidential
Information
For GPRS, only
& CS-2
are implemented.
EDGE MCS Throughputs per TS

> GSM/GPRS uses GMSK modulation (Gaussian Modulated Shift Keying) and 4 Coding
Schemes are defined in GPRS : CS1 to CS4.
> EDGE introduces a new modulation : 8PSK (8 Phase Shift Keying).
8PSK defines 8 states of the radio signal instead of 2 for GMSK.

3 bits can be coded with 8PSK instead of 1 for GMSK.
8PSK provides 3X the raw TS bit rate compared to GMSK.
Layer 1 RF Radio Time Slot Occupancy
59.2
MCS9
54.4
MCS8
5 MCS are using 8PSK :

MCS5 to MCS9
29.6
MCS6
22.4
MCS5
17.6
MCS4
4 MCS are using GMSK :

MCS1 to MCS4
MCS3
MCS2
MCS1
0.0
8PSK
44.8
MCS7
User Payload
14.8
GMSK
RLC/MAC Hdr
(including USF )
11.2
8.8
23.2
46.4
Raw Bit Rate per TS (kbps)
25
Ideal throughput at 0% error

69.6
Data overhead,
coding &
protection
New modulation: 8-PSK

(d(3k),d(3k+1),d(3k+2))=
(0,0,0)
(0,1,0)
(0,1,1)
(0,0,1)
(1,1,1)
(1,0,1)
(1,1,0)
(1,0,0)
8-PSK (Phase Shift Keying) has been

selected as the new modulation used
in EDGE
DL: 8-PSK (3/8 shift)
UL: 8-PSK (3/8 shift)
Non-constant envelope (unlike
GMSK) high requirements for
linearity of the power amplifier
Peak to Average Ratio (PAR) = 3.2 dB
Due to amplifier non-linearities, a 2-4

dB power decrease (back-off) is
typically needed
3 bits per symbol
Peak to Minimum Ratio (PMR) = 17 dB

PAR and high symbol dynamic requires
excellent linearity in the modulator
(DRX) and PA to limit distorsions
Symbol rate and burst length identical

to those of GMSK
Modulation
Symbol rate
Payload/burst
Gross rate/time slot
26
EDGE
8-PSK, 3bit/sym
270.833 ksps
346 bits
69.2 kbps
GSM
GMSK, 1 bit/sym
270.833 ksps
114 bits
22.8 kbps
New modulation: 8-PSK

> The following block diagrams presents the key differences between GMSK
and 8-PSK modulations.
> EDGE uses a 3/8-shifted 8-PSK modulation
8-PSK modulator
GMSK Modulator
differential
encoding
-1, +1
Gaussian
prefiltering
for frequency
pulses
Gray mapping
to 8PSK
constellation
frequency
modulator
Linearized
Gaussian
Filter
for Dirac
pulses
rotation by
k3pi/8
3 bits per
symbol
I &Q
Q
local oscil ator
(d3i, d3i+1, d3i+2)=

Gray mapping: 3 bits per symbol
and only one bit changes between
adjacent symbols
(0,0,0)
Graycodingsymbol
BERminimization
(0,1,1)
(0,0,1)
(1,0,1)
27
(0,1,0)
(1,1,1)
(1,1,0)
(1,0,0)
Burst topology
Same structure as for GSM
term 'bit' is replaced by 'symbol
Same training sequence correlation
8-PSK symbol 0 and 4 replace GMSK bit 0 and 1
PAR = 1.5 dB ; PMR = 4.3 dB
Mobile blind detection GMSK/8-PSK thanks to rotation within Training Sequence
Training sequence (TS) has lower envelope variations
It has seamless switchover between timeslots
3 Sy.
Payload
58 symbol 8-PSK
174 bits
Training Sequence
26 symbol
[same correlation
as GMSK ]
Payload
58 symbol 8-PSK
174 bits
1 symbol equals 1 bit in GMSK vs 3 bits in 8PSK

28
3 Sy. GP
EDGE RF Seminar
Part IV
E-GPRS Radio interface logical channels
29
(E)GPRS Logical Channels

GSM / (E) GPRS
PDCH
Common
GSM / (E) GPRS
BCCH &
CCCH
(SI, RACH, Paging)
PDTCH (UL or
DL) for data
traffic
PACCH (UL or
DL) for control
signaling
PTCCH (UL and
DL) for TA
update
> Existing GSM CCCH and BCCH (with additional system info
messages) are used for EGPRS as well
30
PDCH will carry PDTCH, PACCH and

PTCCH (uplink / downlink)

> Current (E)GPRS solution
GSM Broadcast Control CHannel will be used
GSM Common Control CHannels will be used
Packet Traffic CHannels will be used.
PDTCH: Packet Data Traffic Channel
PACCH: Packet Associated Control Channel
PTCCH: Packet Timing Advance Control Channel
BCCH
PDTCH
PACCH
PTCCH
PCH
AGCH
DL
BSS
PDTCH
PACCH
PTCCH
RACH
UL
31
(E)GPRS logical channels

> All necessary parameters for (E)GPRS access will be
broadcast on the BCCH using SI 13.(sys info 13 )
SI 13 is broadcast by the network on the BCCH
The message provides the MS with GPRS cell specific access
related information.
> SI 13 message contains information for the (E)GPRS MS:
32
Routing area code (RAC)

network control parameters (NC0,NC1,NC2)
GPRS power control parameters
Etc.

> The PDTCH is used to carry traffic in the UL or DL
Up to 8 PDTCH may be allocated to 1 subscriber on the same TDMA
and up to 8 MS can share the same PDCH. (7 on the UL due to one of
the USF flags being reserved).
The MAC layer is responsible for the management and contention
resolution of the PDCH by static* or dynamic allocation.
> The PACCH is associated with the assigned PDTCH and is

used to carry control messages.
The PACCH and PDTCH positions (PDCH number) are provided to the
MS in the immediate assignment or resource assignment stage.
> The PTCCH is used for Timing Advance procedure.
33

> In (E)GPRS, the data traffic channels are
not paired (UL/DL)
PDTCH/UL and PDTCH/DL are assigned independently depending on
the direction of data being transferred
Not all MS are required to be capable of full duplex
operation anyway
The PACCH/DL and PACCH/UL are used during a packet transfer to

carry ack messages in the other direction and also for assignment/ reassignment
PACCH is dynamically multiplexed on the same
TS/PDCH as PDTCH but has no fixed position
and may be used whenever necessary
The PTCCH is the only bi-directional logical channel

Each MS uses access bursts on the PTCCH/UL during packet transfer and the BTS
calculates the TA and updates the MS
Multiple MS on the same TS are updated by the same
PTCCH/DL control block with different TAI (timing
advance identifier) for each mobile
34

> PDCH Multiframe structure
PDTCH, PACCH & PTCCH (for GPRS Phase1)
52 burst Multiframe
Radio blocks transmitted over 4 bursts belonging to 4
consecutive TDMA frames. (PDTCH, PACCH)
Idle frames used for PTCCH
This example shows repetition of bursts over time on the same time slot
Idle Frames
TDMA FN
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11121314 1516 17181920 21222324 2526 27282930 31323334 3536 37383940 41424344 4546 474849 50 51
Block
B0
B1
B2
B3
B4
Block
B6
B8
B9
B10
B11
B0
B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
B6
B7
B8
B9
B10
B11
Radio Blocks
GSM control channel TS will follow the GSM 51-frame multiframe structure
GSM traffic channels TS will follow the GSM 26-frame multiframe structure
(E)GPRS channels TS will follow the GPRS 52-frame multiframe structure

DL
Radio Blocks
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51
Radio Blocks
35
B7
Idle Frames
Radio Blocks
TDMA FN
B5
UL
Packet Data Unit: PDU
36
EDGE RF Seminar
Part V
E-GPRS Procedures & concepts
37
(E)GPRS Procedures
> Network acquisition
The MS monitors the SYS INFO messages on
the BCCH of a cell
The MS then determines whether there is GPRS available
on this cell.
The MS can then use the CCCH to attach to the
GPRS network and get ready to transmit or receive
> Call setup

A (E)GPRS call is initiated in a similar way as compared to
GSM except that instead of SDCCH and TCH/SACCH
assignment, the MS is assigned PACCH / PDTCH UL or DL
The TSs are assigned based on MS capability
and availability of resources
38
(E)GPRS protocol stack

Application Layer
Application
Application
Packet Layer
IP / X.25
SNDCP
IP / X.25
NSAPI
GTP
LLC
UDP /
TCP
UDP /
TCP
SAPI
LLC
LLC Relay
RLC
39
Um
TLLI
BSSGP
BSSGP
IP
IP
Frame
Relay
L2
L2
GSM RF
Frame
Relay
L1bis
L1bis
L1
L1
Physical Layer
MS
GTP
RLC
TFI
MAC
MAC
RLC/MAC layer
GSM RF
TID
SNDCP
Gb
BSS
SGSN
Gn
GGSN
Gi
RLC/MAC & LLC Layer

> RLC/MAC is the logical link between the MS and BSS.
Interface between MS and PCU
> RLC layer functions

segmentation and re-assembly of LLC frames into RLC data blocks.
Backward error correction (ack mode) and radio block retransmission
of unsuccessfully delivered RLC/MAC blocks.
> MAC layer functions

Multiplexing of uplink and downlink traffic
Allocation modes: static and dynamic
channel access control (allocation of TBF)
> LLC is the logical link between the MS and the SGSN.
Helps in re-initiating a connection after an unwanted TBF release
40
(E)GPRS Key Concepts
> MM States
Mobility management states (idle, standby, ready)
> RR States
Radio resource states (packet idle, packet transfer)
> TBF/TFI (b/w MS and the BSS)

Temporary block flow / temporary flow identifier.
A TBF corresponds to a set of radio TS (belonging
to the same TDMA) allocated to a user
> PDP context (b/w MS and GGSN)

Packet data protocol context indicating a high layer service connection
between the MS and an access point
41
Mobility Management and PDP Context

Mobility Management State Model
PDP Context State Model

MS
MS
Idle
Idle
GPRS
Detach
GPRS
Detach or
Cancel
Location
GPRS Attach
STANDBY
Timer
Expiry
or
Cancel
Location
Ready
READY Timer Expiry or
Force to STANDBY
Standb
y
GGSN
SGSN
GPRS Attach
STANDBY
Timer
Expiry
SGSN
PDU
Transmission
Inactive
Ready
READY Timer Expiry or
Force to STANDBY or
Abnormal RLC Condition
Standb
y
GPRS Attach Procedure
BSS
SGSN
Deactivate
PDP
Context
Inactive
Activate PDP
context
Activate PDP
context
Activate PDP
context
Active
Active
Active
BSS
HLR
SGSN
GGSN
Activate PDP Context

Security Functions
Packet Uplink Assignment

GPRS Attach Request
Create PDP Context Request

Create PDP Context Response
Update Location
Insert Sub Data
Activate PDP Context
Insert Sub Data Ack

Update Location Ack
42
Inactive
PDP Context Activation Procedure
Packet Data Channel Request
GPRS Attach Accept
Deactivate
PDP
Context
The GGSN is then able to route PDP

packets for the MS to its SGSN
(E)GPRS Mobility Management

The GMM takes place between the MS and the SGSN. The mobility management
activities related to a GPRS subscriber are characterized by one of three different
GMM states: IDLE, READY and STANDBY.
GPRS
Attach
STANDBY
timer
expiry
READY
READY
timer
expiry
43
IDLE
GPRS
Detach
Cell Updates
No Paging
PDU
transmission
STANDBY
RA Updates
Paging
(E)GPRS Mobility Management

In GPRS IDLE state, the subscriber is not attached to the GMM. Thus, the MS
and SGSN MM contexts hold no valid location or routing information for the
subscriber. Data transmissions to and from the MS as well as the paging of the
subscriber are not possible.
In GPRS STANDBY state, the subscriber is attached to the GMM. PS-paging and
CS-paging via the SGSN may be received, but data transmission and reception
are not possible. At this point, if the subscriber wants to request an e-mail
message or a web page, a PDP context must be activated before.
In the READY state, the MS location is known on a cell level. The MS performs
GMM procedures to provide the network with the actual selected cell, i.e. when
reselecting a new GPRS cell the MS shall carry out a Cell update procedure. The
MS may send and receive PDP PDU and paging is not performed. The MS may
also initiate PDP context activation or deactivation.
44
(E)GPRS Session Management

A GPRS subscription contains one or more PDP addresses. Each PDP address is
described by an individual PDP context in the MS, SGSN and GGSN.
Every PDP context exists independently in one of two states:
INACTIVE or ACTIVE.
The PDP state indicates whether the PDP address is activated for data transfer or
not. All PDP contexts of a subscriber are associated with the same MM context.
45
(E)GPRS Session Management

The INACTIVE state characterizes the data service for a certain PDP
address of the subscriber as not activated. This means that the PDP
context contains no routing or mapping information to process PDP PDU
related to that PDP address. So, no data can be transferred. The MS
moves from INACTIVE to ACTIVE state by initiating the PDP context
activation.
In ACTIVE State, the PDP context for the PDP address in use is activated
in MS, SGSN and GGSN. The PDP context contains mapping and routing
information for transferring PDP PDU for that particular PDP address
between MS and GGSN. The PDP state ACTIVE is permitted only when
the GMM state of the subscriber is STANDBY or READY. An ACTIVE PDP
context for an MS is moved to INACTIVE state when the deactivation
procedure is initiated. All active PDP contexts for an MS are moved to
INACTIVE when the GMM state changes to IDLE.
46
Packet Assignment
> MS initiates a packet transfer by sending a Packet
channel request on the (P)RACH.
1 phase (GPRS only) or 2 phase access (GPRS / E-GPRS)
> Short access or 1 phase access*

The MS includes all the information needed for channel
establishment on the (P)RACH.
> Two phase access

This can be initiated by MS or network.
MS receives a single block on (P)AGCH and responds with
the Packet resource request message on PACCH. This
contains information on the requested resources for UL
transfer, I.e. MS capability, file size etc.
47
Packet Assignment example

> MS - PCU packet transfer procedures
Packet c
hannel re
quest
ediate
Packet imm
assignment
llocation
One block a
MS
Packet reso
urce request
MS capa
bility (2 +
1), RLC o
mode
ctet coun
t, RLC
ss
Packet uplink a
(TLLI)
ignment
, TFI, TAI, CS
e
m
ti
rt
ta
s
F
B
T
ARFCN,
48
PCU
RR Activation/UL TBF Establishment

MS known in a RA
MS known in a cell
DL TBF Already assigned
MM Standby /
RR Packet Idle
MM Ready /
RR Packet Idle
MM Ready /
RR Packet Transfer
Random Access on
RACH
(TA calculated by BSS)
Immediate Assignment
on AGCH
Packet Resource
Request
by MS on PACCH
Packet UL Assignment
by BSS on PACCH
UL PDTCH
TBF
Release
MM Ready /
RR Packet Transfer
49
Random Access on
RACH (TA calculated
by BSS)
Immediate
Assignment on AGCH
Packet Resource
Request by MS on
PACCH
by BSS on PACCH
UL PDTCH
Packet UL
Assignment on
PACCH
Packet Control Ack
from MS on PACCH
UL PDTCH
TBF
Release
MM Ready /
RR Packet Transfer
MM Ready /
RR Packet Transfer
RR Activation/UL TBF Establishment

Establishment of an Uplink TBF/ Acces
Establishment of an Uplink TBF

During Downlink Transfer
PCU
MS
MS
BTS
RACH (CCCH)
IMM. Assign.
(AGCH)
BSC
Channel Required
IMM. Assign.
Command
PCU
Channel Required
IMM. Assign.
Command
Packet Downlink ACK/NACK

Downlink Data
Packet Uplink Assignment(S/P=1)
Packet Control Acknowledgement
Packet
Resource
Request
Downlink Data
Packet
Uplink
Assignment
Downlink Data
FIRST PDTCH
Uplink Data
50
RR Activation/DL TBF Establishment

MS known in a RA
MM Standby /
RR Packet Idle
Paging on PCH
Random Access on
RACH (TA calculated
by BSS)
on AGCH
Packet DL Assignment
on PACCH
Packet Control Ack
from MS on PACCH
DL PDTCH
TBF
Release
MM Ready /
RR Packet Transfer
51
MS known in a cell
MM Ready /
RR Packet Idle
on AGCH
on PACCH
Packet Control Ack from
MS on PACCH (Access
bursts on PACCH for TA
calculation)
Packet Timing Advance
on PTCCH
DL PDTCH
TBF
Release
MM Ready /
RR Packet Transfer
UL TBF Already assigned

MM Ready /
RR Packet Transfer
on PACCH
Packet Control Ack
from MS on PACCH
DL PDTCH
MM Ready /
RR Packet Transfer
RR Activation/DL TBF Establishment

Establishment of a DownLink TBF
MS
BTS
BSC
Establishment of a
Downlink TBF during
Uplink transfer
PCU
MS
PCU
PDTCH
IMM.
Assignment
IMM. Assign.
Command
Packet Uplink Assignment (Bitmap i+1)
BSSGP-DLUnit-Data
Packet
Downlink
Assignment
Uplink
Bitmap i
Packet Control Acknowledgement (Over 4 bursts )
PDTCH
Packet
Timing Advance
First PDTCH
PDTCH
PDTCH
PDTCH
Packet Downlink Assignment
PDTCH
Uplink
Bitmap
i+1
PDTCH
PDTCH
PDTCH
52
EDGE RF Seminar
Part VI
E-GPRS usage
53
EDGE TS multiplexing
> Same radio TS can be used simultaneously for GPRS and EDGE
> Bandwidth is dynamically shared between :
Voice traffic
GPRS/EDGE traffic
GSM TDMA Radio (BCCH in this instance)
BCCH
Voice
Voice
Voice
Voice
GPRS
EDGE
Voice
GPRS
EDGE
Voice
GPRS
EDGE
GPRS
EDGE
GSM TDMA Radio (non-BCCH in this instance)

Voice
Voice
Voice
Voice
Voice
GPRS
EDGE
Voice
GPRS
EDGE
Voice
GPRS
EDGE
GPRS
EDGE
> Allows a smooth migration from GPRS MS towards EDGE MS.

Increases capacity at no cost
Enables EDGE also in low capacity sites
54
EDGE Benefits over GPRS

How the Operator can implement it
Increased
Increaseddata
data
and
voice
capacity
and voice capacity
Improves spectral efficiency :

EDGE as a Capacity Solution
Or
BCCH
Voice
Voice
Voice
GPRS
GPRS
GPRS
GPRS
BCCH
Voice
Voice
Voice
Voice
Voice
EDGE
EDGE
GPRS: 40Kbps data (48 kbps

peak), 3 voice channels
EDGE: 60Kbps data (118Kbps
peak), 5 voice channels
On a given DRX, number of voice and data users increases.

EDGE as a Data Quality Solution
BCCH
Voice
Voice
Voice
GPRS
GPRS
GPRS
GPRS
GPRS
GPRS
GPRS
GPRS
GPRS
GPRS
GPRS
GPRS
BCCH
Voice
Voice
Voice
EDGE
EDGE
EDGE
EDGE
Or a mix of both
GPRS 2 radios: 120Kbps data

(144Kbps peak), 3 voice channels
EDGE 1 radio: 120Kbps data
(237Kbps peak), 3 voice channels
Equal capacity with

half the
equipment!
EDGE
EDGEImproves
ImprovesRadio
RadioEfficiencyEfficiency-Reduces
ReducesEquipment
EquipmentRequirements
Requirements
55
Data applications
1.
Email via mobile Phone or PDA (MMS)
2.
Email + Attachment via Laptop
3.
Internet/Intranet Access browsing
4.
Internet Intranet Access File Transfer
5.
Net Meeting
6.
Travel Information services
7.
Navigation Services
8.
Text Based Information (push/pull)
9.
Reference services (yellow pages, directory)
10. Interactive games

11.
Banking applications
12. Electronic Ticketing

13. Interactive shopping
14. Image/Video Streaming (MPEG4)
15. Audio Based Services (MP3)
Find out
where you are
> High data rate availability encourages the customers to use these services
56
EDGE RF Seminar
Part VII
Abbreviations
57
EDGE ABBREVIATIONS
58
ETSI generic name for BSS-NSS i/f
Abis
ETSI generic name for BTS-BSC i/f
Agprs
NORTEL specific name for BSC-PCU i/f
ARQ
Automatic repeat request
APN
Access point name
BCCH
Broadcast control channel
BH
Busy hour
BLER
Block error rate
BSC
Base station controller
BSN
Block sequence number
BSN
Absolute block sequence number
BSS
Base station subsystem
BTS
Base transceiver station
EDGE ABBREVIATIONS
BSSGP
BSS GPRS protocol
BVC
BSSGP virtual connection
CCCH
Common control channel
CS
Coding scheme
CS-paging Circuit Switched-paging
59
CV
Countdown value
DL
Downlink
FAI
Final acknowledgement indicator
FBI
Final block indicator
FN
Frame number
Gb
ETSI generic name for PCU-SGSN i/f
GGSN
Gateway GPRS support node
Gi
ETSI generic name for GGSN-PDN i/f
EDGE ABBREVIATIONS
60
GMM
GPRS mobility management
Gn
ETSI generic name for SGSN-GGSN i/f
GPRS
General packet radio service
GSL
GPRS signaling link
GTP
GPRS tunneling protocol
HO
Handover
IE
Information element
I/F
Interface
IP
Internet protocol
IAS
Immediate assignment
IAREJ
Immediate assignment reject
IOT
Inter-operability tests
LA
Location area
EDGE ABBREVIATIONS
61
LAC
Location area code
LAI
Location area identity
LAPD
Link access protocol on D channel
LLC
Logical link control
MAC
Medium access control
MCS
Modulation and Coding Scheme
MO
Mobile originated
MS
Mobile station
MT
Mobile terminated
NMS
Network management system
N-PDU
Network layer-packet data unit
NS
Network service
NSAPI
Network service access point identifier
EDGE ABBREVIATIONS
NSS
Network and switching subsystem
NTS
Number of TS assigned to the UL TBF
O&M
Operation and maintenance
OAM
Operation administration maintenance
OML
OAM link
PACCH
Packet associated control channel
PAREJ
Packet access reject
PBCCH Packet broadcast control channel

PCA
Packet control acknowledgement
PCCCH Packet common control channel
62
PCM
Pulse coded modulation
PCU
Packet control unit
PDAN
Packet DL Ack/Nack
EDGE ABBREVIATIONS
63
PDAS
Packet DL assignment
PDCH
Packet data channel
PDCB
Packet dummy control block
PDN
Packet data network
PDP
Packet data protocol
PDTCH
Packet data traffic channel
PDU
Packet Data Unit
PLMN
Public land mobile network
PPCTA
Packet power control timing advance
PPR
Packet polling request
PRR
Packet resource request
PTCCH
Packet TA control channel
PTR
Packet TS Reconfigure
EDGE ABBREVIATIONS
PSI
Packet system information
PS-paging Packet Switched-paging
64
PUAN
Packet UL Ack/Nack
PUAS
QoS
Quality of service
RA
Routing area
RAC
Routing area code
RAI
Routing area identifier
RACH
Random access channel
RBB
Receive block bitmap
RLC
Radio link control
RRBP
Related reserved block period
RRM
Radio Resource Management
EDGE ABBREVIATIONS
65
RSL
Radio signaling link
SAPI
Service access point identifier
SFH
Slow frequency hopping
SI
Stall indicator
SI n
SysInfo n
SGSN
Serving GPRS support node
SM
Session management
SNDCP
Sub-network dependent convergence protocol
SSN
Starting sequence number
TA
Timing advance
TAI
Timing advance index
TBC
Number of RLC data blocks to be transmitted in the TBF
TBF
Temporary block flow
EDGE ABBREVIATIONS
66
TCP
Transmission control protocol
TDMA
Time division multiple access
TFI
Temporary flow identity
TID
Tunnel identity
TLLI
Temporary logical link identifier
TRX
BTS transceiver entity
TS
Timeslot
UL
Uplink
USF
UL state flag
EDGE DEFINITIONS
Access Time Slot : TS assigned by the PCU to the BTS and containing access blocks.
Those blocks may be allocated by the BTS for Packet Resources Request transmission
(CCCH at BTS feature).
Block period: is the sequence of 4 TS on 4 successive TDMA used to convey 1 radio
block. (20ms)
CV: indicates in which state the countdown procedure is.
EDGE Radio data block: represents a block of the TRAU frame that is sent or received
every 20ms and that uses MCS1 to MCS9. An EDGE data block using MCS7, MCS8 or
MCS9 is composed of 2 RLC data blocks. All other MCS are composed of only 1 RLC
data block, except MCS2 and 3 if the block has been re-segmented (1/2 RLC block in that
case).
Joker DS0 : On Abis, 64 kbps timeslot used as joker for an Edge TDMA.
The total number of DS0 used for an Edge TDMA consists in 2 main DS0 plus joker(s)
DS0.
Multi-slot Class: indicates the UL and DL capabilities of the MS.
67
EDGE DEFINITIONS
PDP context: information set stored at MS, SGSN and GGSN, enabling data exchange
with a PDP network.
ON period: one ON period corresponds to the transfer of information (web page, email) at the GPRS application layer (above IP/X25).
OFF period: one OFF period corresponds to the time between two ON periods.
Packet idle mode: in this mode, one MS is not allocated any radio resource on a PDCH.
Then, it listens to the BCCH and the CCCH.
Packet transfer mode: in this mode, one MS is prepared to transfer LLC PDU and then is
allocated radio resource on one or more PDCH to carry out this transfer.
PBCCH: used to broadcast the PSI. The presence of PBCCH logical channel in the cell is
indicated in the SI 13 on BCCH (providing GPRS specific information). If PBCCH is not
present in the serving cell (V15.0 case), the MS shall receive the SI n messages
broadcast on BCCH. Most of these SI are for GSM, only SI 13 and minor extensions in SI
3, SI 4, SI 7 and SI 8 are needed for GPRS. Then, all the common control channels are
the GSM CCCH logical channels and the only GPRS logical channels used on PDCH are
PDTCH for data traffic and the associated control channels PACCH and PTCCH.
68
EDGE DEFINITIONS
PDCH: is a physical channel dedicated to packet data traffic.
Pipe: set of resources allocated to one TBF at one time characterized by:
All parameters allocated to the TBF (USF, TFI).
A set of UL and/or DL TS.
When a TBF is opened, a pipe is opened. In order to optimize the throughput, a TBF
can be associated to a set of subsequent pipes. One pipe in a TBF is closed, and
replaced by another one, when:
The PCU allocator modifies the UL and/or DL TS allocation.
A switch from half-duplex to full-duplex transfer is done.
QoS parameters change.
The TBF is released.
Reaction time: the GSM specifications (see [5.08]) gives 3 blocks delay (60 ms) to the
MS, in order to listen allocated TS, after reception of the allocation order.
69
EDGE DEFINITIONS
RLC Data Block: Block uniquely identified by its Block Sequence Number (BSN), as
defined in 04.60
RLC-MODE: indicates the acknowledged (0) or non-acknowledged (1) RLC mode of
operation.
SI: indicates whether the MS RLC transmit window is stalled (1) or not (0).
TBF: the radio resource allocations are called TBF in GPRS. One TBF is allocated to a
GPRS MS during radio transfer duration. It corresponds to a set of radio blocks on packet
switched TS (PDCH) belonging to the same TDMA.
From the PCU allocator point of view, a TBF has been established as soon as one
block is allocated to on the Um i/f.
From a user point of view, it can be considered that a TBF has been established
when user data is transferred on the Um i/f.
TFI: identifies the TBF.
Timeslot DS0 : On Abis, 64 kbps timeslot
Timeslot Agprs : On Agprs, 16 kbps timeslot
70
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EDGE RF Seminar

Wireless Network Engineering

Nortel Confidential Information

Nortel Confidential Information

The administration, maintenance and supervision of EDGE is based on the

Nortel Confidential Information

EDGE is an extension of GPRS.

Maximum Throughput per TS is increased from 20 kbps to 59.2 kbps.

Nortel Confidential Information

EDGE = Enhanced Data Rates for GSM (or Global) Evolution

Enhancement results from introduction of new modulation (8-PSK) + channel coding

ECSD (Enhanced Circuit Switched Data): circuit switched channels/

Wireless packet data access to Internet

Same as GPRS only faster and more robust

New modulation triples the nominal bit rates

Update of the GSM Standard towards 3rd generation networks/mobiles

Supports asymmetric traffic on the radio link

Strict separation between radio and network subsystem

Difference between EDGE and GPRS is only on air interface

Resides on existing GSM BSS equipment

EDGE is the in-band 3G solution for GSM operators

Nortel Confidential Information

Nortel Confidential Information

EDGE / GPRS Architecture (Nortel)

Nortel Confidential Information

Packet Architecture Overview

Existing GSM NSS

GPRS is an extension of the GSM network, built on top of

Nortel Confidential Information

The Packetizer: PCUSN

Manages packet radio resources.

GSM Counterpart: BSC

Nortel Confidential Information

The Packet Router: SGSN

Performs IP-based packet routing

GSM Counterpart: MSC

Nortel Confidential Information

The Data Network Gateway: GGSN

GSM Counterpart: Gateway-MSC

Nortel Confidential Information

EDGE Implementation Requirements

Nortel Confidential Information

Nortel Confidential Information

EDGE/GPRS Protocol Stack

Nortel Confidential Information

E-GPRS Protocol Stack - BSS

Nortel Confidential Information

> The layer is divided into 2 sub layers:

Nortel Confidential Information

(E)GPRS Physical Layer

Modulation for some EDGE coding schemes is 8-PSK vs GMSK

Block rectangular interleaving

Codeword (456 bits)

Nortel Confidential Information

Burst (114 information

(E)GPRS Physical Layer:

Packet (NL PDU)

segmentation/assembly (not shown)

channel coding (FEC)

Nortel Confidential Information

(E)GPRS Physical Layer:

> GMSK Modulation