Escolar Documentos
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Principles, Applications,
and Social Implications
General Definition
The application of technology to
improve a biological organism
Detailed Definition
The application of the
technology to modify the
biological function of an
organism to produce
useful usually commercial
GENOMICS
Genomics
the study of genomes
a
broad
field
that
encompasses whole-genome
comparisons,
structural
analysis of gene products,
and surveys of small-scale
variations in sequence
DNA Profiling
identifying an individual by
analyzing the unique parts of
his or her DNA
Short tandem
repeats
in
chromosomal
DNA,
sequence of 4 to 5 bases
repeated multiple times in a
row
DNA Cloning
Recombinant DNA
a DNA molecule that
contains
genetic
material
from
more
than one organism
Restriction
enzyme
type of enzyme that
cuts specific nucleotide
sequences in DNA
Cloning vector
a DNA molecule that
can accept foreign DNA
and
get
replicated
inside a host cell
Genetic
Engineering
Genetically modified
organism (GMO)
organism whose genome
has been modified by
genetic engineering
Transgenic
refers
to
a
genetically
modified
organism
that
carries a gene from a
different species
Gene therapy
the transfer of recombinant
DNA into an individuals
body cells, with the intent
to correct a genetic defect
or treat a disease.
Severe Combined
Immunodeficiency Disorder (SCID)
ANTIBIOTICS
SOME GENERAL
PRINCIPLES
Antibiotics can be naturally
produced, semi-synthetic, or
synthetic substances
Designed to have as much
selective toxicity on the
bacteria as possible
EXAMPLES OF SELECTIVE
ACTION
Penicillin on bacterial cell wall
(organisms without cell wall wont be
inhibited
eg
Mycoplasma
pneumoniae)
Sulphonamides
prevent
bacteria
synthesising folic acid whereas
humans can use preformed folate
Generally drugs acting on cell
membranes or protein synthesis are
more toxic to humans
PENICILLIN
They act by inhibition of bacterial cell
wall synthesis, thus exposing the
osmotically less stable membrane
These agents are bactericidal
Active against multiplying and not
resting
bacteria;
inactive
against
mycobacteria, protozoa, fungi and
viruses
organisms
Effective against :
Gram-positive aerobic cocci
- Staph. aureus- not producing penicillinase,
S.pneumoniae ( group A ) ,S.pyogenes
Gram-negative aerobic cocci -N.meningitidis
Gram- positive bacilli : Bacillus anthracis
Anaerobes
Clostridium spp but inactive against B.fragilis
Actinomycetes israelii ( actinomycosis )
but
Penicillin G benzathin
Duration 3- 4 weeks
Painful at the injection site ( limits its
use )
Uses
1. Syphilis
2. Rheumatic fever prophylaxis( inhibits
group A beta- hemolytic streptococci)
3. Streptococcal pharyngitis
Disadvantages of penicillin G
A. Destroyed by gastric HCL
B. Inactivated by penicillinase
C. Narrow spectrum of activity
Uses
Group A Streptococcal pharyngitis
Prophylaxis against group A streptococci in
points with history of rheumatic heart
disease.
Disadvantages
Readily hydroyzed by beta-lactamase
Penicillinase-resistant
penicillins
Methicillin
Dicloxacillin
Floxacillin
NafcIlli
Oxacillin
Cloxacillin
Ampicillin
Ampicillinsulbactam
Bacampicillin
Amoxicillin
Amoxicillinclavulanic acid
( augmentin )
USES
H. Influenza infections (otitis media,
sinusitis, chronic bronchitis,
pneumonia, bacterial meningitis ).
E. Coli infections (Urinary & biliary
infections)
Samonella infections (typhoid fever)
Shigella infections (ampicillin)
Gonococcal infections (alternative
for penicillin in the treatment of
gonorrhea)
DISADVANTAGES
Amoxicillin & ampicillin alone are
readily
destroyed
by
Staph.
Penicillinase
Adverse effects of
penicillins
1.Hypersensitivity reactions Urticarial
rash
Fever
Bronchspasm
Serum sickness
Exfoliative dermatitis
Stevens- Johnson syndrome
Anaphylaxis
2. Super infections
3. Diarrhoea
4. May cause convulsions after high
doses by i.v or in renal failure
Producer organism
Activity
Site or mode of
action
Penicillin
Penicillium chrysogenum
Gram-positive
bacteria
Wall synthesis
Cephalosporin
Cephalosporium
acremonium
Broad spectrum
Wall synthesis
Erythromycin
Streptomyces erythreus
Streptomycin
Streptomyces griseus
Tetracycline
Streptomyces rimosus
Broad spectrum
Protein synthesis
Vancomycin
Streptomyces orientalis
Gram-positive
bacteria
Protein synthesis
Gram-positive
bacteria
Gram-negative
bacteria
Protein synthesis
Protein synthesis
THE IDEAL
ANTIBIOTIC?:PENICILLIN
Bactericidal
Widely distributed in body esp. CNS
Excreted by the kidneys