Knowledge Skills for Higher

Education
DATA
Collection of unorganised facts or raw facts
May or may not have meaning
Include numeric data, voice, images, text,
etc.
E.g: Name of employer, quantity sold,
name of students, mark of a student etc.

Knowledge Skills for Higher

Education
Information
Meaningful & arranged form of data.
When data is processed, it become
information.
Defined as data that has been converted into
a meaningful and useful form for decision
makers.
Described as processed data
It always has a meaning
E.g. payroll, invoice, mark list of students, etc.

Qualities of Information
1.Timely : Should provide valid information at
the right time.
2.Accurate & reliable.
3.Meaningful & relevant
4.Cost effective
5.Completeness : Should not include vague
ideas.
6.Conciseness: unnecessary matter will delay
the decision making process.

Data Processing
Data processing is the series of actions that
converts data into information.
The activities involved are:
a. Data entry and retrieval
b. Data manipulation
c. Presentation of results.

Data Processing- Types

1.Scientific :
A lot of computations are applied upon
small volume of input data which results in
less amount of output data.
2.Commercial:
Relatively few computations are applied
upon large volume of input data and finally
results in huge amount of output data.

Knowledge
The

act of applying information

in a particular situation.

Defined as body of information

It consist of fact , opinion ,ideas , principles
and models
Knowledge is not information and
information is not data
Knowledge is derived from information and
information is derived from data

Knowledge
Kinds of Knowledge:
1.Explicit knowledge (Formal):
Knowledge that can be spoken & transmitted.
2.Tacit Knowledge (Informal):
Knowledge rooted in individual experience
which
may involve personal belief, perspective &
values.

Data

Informati knowledge
on

Raw facts and

figures
unprocessed

Processed data

It is a combination of
instincts, ideas, rules
and procedures that
guide actions and
decisions

Data is sometimes
unrelated to one
another

It will have some

logical connection

Make logical
connection

May or may not be Always meaningful

meaningful

meaningful

May not be
appropriate for a
particular use

Content are
appropriate for a
particular use

It is used to transform
data in to information
that is useful in a
situation

not directly used

for decision
making

Directly used for

decision making

Helps users to interpret

and act on information

Knowledge Management
Knowledge management refers to the best use
of the available knowledge in an organisation to
achieve organisation goals.
In other words, it is the collection of processes
that govern the creation, dissemination &
utilisation of knowledge.
It involves
Generating new knowledge
Identifying intellectual properties
Better use of available knowledge
Sharing technology and other resources
Ensure that the information is accurate and timely

Knowledge Management
Features of Knowledge Management
Human related
It may be Personal Knowledge Mgt (PKM) or
Enterprise Knowledge Mgt(EKM)
Directed towards organisational goals
Complementary to Total Quality Mgt(TQM)

Knowledge Management
Need for Knowledge Management
Market place are increasing competitive
Reduction in work force
Limited time for managerial action
Loss of knowledge due to early retirement
and increasing mobility of staff.
Difficulty in managing MNC and TNC

Knowledge Management
Advantages:
Improves levels of innovation
Facilitates generative learning & adaptability
Integrates a knowledge sharing culture into the
organization through incentives & rewards.
Indentifies & develops existing knowledge
bases & repositories.
Facilitates business process efficiencies for
innovation.

Internet as a Knowledge Repository

A Knowledge repository is something which captures,

packs & stores relevant knowledge.
In other words, it means a place to store knowledge
and retrieve knowledge. Hence internet is truly a
knowledge repository.
Intranets & Internets offer new ways to manage &
communicate data, information & Knowledge.
Knowledge repository formation involves
1. Identify knowledge resources
2. Capturing identified knowledge
3. Organizing captured knowledge.
4. Transferring the captured knowledge.

Internet as a Knowledge
Repository

In this internet world, we can search any kind of

information.
Typing of a keyword in the search engine provides a
lot of information about it.
Internet is recognized as a rich source of information.
Development of ICT has yielded an unlimited variety of
databases & multimedia platform.
It supply multifarious needs including knowledge,
edutainment, entertainment, leisure activities,
consumer facilities, interpersonal interaction, etc.

Internet as a Knowledge
Repository

With development of ICT, there is an ever-increasing

no. of New users who yearly join & many millions who
are already familiar with on line www activity.

Many of the online users are students who utilize the

www as a portal to the world of knowledge both formal
& informal.

The educational system understands unlimited

learning possibilities presented by ICT and integrates
the use of ICT in learning in general & in online
learning in particular.

Search Engine
A search engine is a tool or a program
designed to search for information on the
WWW on the basis of specified keywords
and returns a list of the documents where
the keywords were found.
The search results are usually presented
in a list and are commonly called hits.
The information may consist of
WebPages, images, information and other
types of files

Quotation Marks and

Truncation
In library catalogs and article
databases, the two most helpful
advanced search techniques are:
1)Quotation Marks
2)Truncation or Wild Card

Quotation Marks
Quotation marks are used around phrases. By using
quotations marks, you are telling the computer to
only bring back pages with the terms you typed in
the exact order you typed them.
Example:
health care reform
instead of
health AND care AND reform

For example, if you are interested in finding

information on social networking, it is best to
search for social networking in quotation
marks. Otherwise, the computer might
search for social AND networking and find
many more irrelevant results.

Truncation
Truncation means to chop off.
When you truncate you chop
off the end of the word, so
the computer can search for
multiple endings.
For example, your research
question includes the
keyword education. You can
truncate education, so that
the computer will find all of
the word ending variations.

Educat* will find:

Education
Educate
Educated
Educating

Be careful where you place the truncation

symbol. Educate* will not find education
or educating, although it will find educate
and educated.
Truncation will not find synonyms (i.e.
scien* will not find the words botany,
biology, or astronomy), although it may
bring up articles on those topics IF they
include the words science, scientific, or
scientist.

POPULAR ACADEMIC
WEBSITES

Popular Academic Websites in

India
1. Indira Gandhi National Open
University(IGNOU)
Offers distance education degree and
research programmes in art, science,
commerce, IT etc
www.ignou.ac.in
2. Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
Established in 1909
Engineering and research institute.
www.iisc.ernet.in

3. Indian Institute of Technology(IIT),

Kanpur:
Offers undergraduate, post graduate and
doctoral programmes in engineering & mgt.
www.iitk.ac.in
4. Indian Institute of Statistics Bangalore
Courses in mathematics & statistics
Research and training centre
www.isibang.ac.in
5. University of Delhi
www.du.ac.in

6. Aligarh Muslim University: Utter

Pradesh
Established in 1875(MAO College)
Includes high schools, senior secondary,UG
and PG programmes
It has a campus in Kerala(Perinthalmanna)
www.amu.ac.in
7. Birla Institute of Technology &
Science, Pilani, Rajasthan.
www.bits.pilani.ac.in

8. Indian Institute of Management(IIM)

Calicut
Academic programmes in mgt and education
Top 5 Institute in the country
www.iimk.ac.in
9. University of Bombay
www.mu.ac.in
10. Institute of Chartered Accountants of
India
www.icai.org
11. Indian Institute of Technology(IIT)
Madras
www.iitm.ac.in

12. Institute of Cost and Works

Accountants of India (ICWA)
Head quarters in Kolkatha
4 regional councils
www.icwai.org
13. IIT Delhi
www.iitd.ernet.in
14. Annamalai University
www.annamalai.ac.in

15. All India Institute of Medical Science,

Delhi
Education and research in medicine
www.aiims.edu
16. Banaras Hindu University
www.bhu.ac.in
17. Jawaharlal Nehru University(JNU)
New Delhi
www.jnu.ac.in
18. Cochin University of Science and
Technology (CUSAT)
www.cusat.ac.in

Other Institutions
Allahabad University www.allduniv.edu
Alagappa University www.aluni.org
Kerala University
www.keralauniversity.edu
Calicut University
www.universityofcalicut.info
International Institute of Population
Sciences
www.iipsindia.org
Goa University www.goauniversity.org etc

If you dont see a problem with this question, you

need this class!

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
RIGHTS(IPR)
Kinds of Property

Movable Property
Car, Pen, Furniture, Dress

Immovable Property
Land, Building

Intellectual Property
Literary works, inventions

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

The world intellectual property

organization states that
Intellectual Property refers to
creations of the mind which can
be Invention (Patents),
trademarks, literature, work,
symbols, names, etc.

Definition of Intellectual Property

Intellectual

Property shall include the rights

relating to
literary, artistic and scientific works,
performances of performing artists, and
broadcasts,
inventions in all fields of human endeavour
scientific discoveries
Industrial designs
trademarks, service marks and commercial
names and designations
protection against unfair competition
and all other rights resulting from intellectual
activity in the industrial, scientific, literary or
artistic fields.

(WIPO Convention)

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
RIGHTS(IPR)

Any property, idea or work created by using

mind or intellect is called Intellectual Property.
A person who creates a new work (a
technological innovation, a poem, a design, a
brand name etc) by using his knowledge and
skill needs protection of his work from copied
or stolen in any other form.
To safeguard the interest of the creator,
protection is to be given to him in the form of
IPR

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS

Right given for the reproduction of those
properties which are the creations of mind
or intellect is called IPR.
It protect the interest of the owners of these
properties
It is the reward given to the inventor for
disclosing his invention
Examples are Patent, copy right, trade
mark, industrial designs etc.

Major Intellectual Properties

Copyright and Related Rights

Industrial Property
Patents
Industrial Designs
Trade Marks
Geographical Indications

(is a name or sign used on certain products which

corresponds to a specific geographical location or origin)

Layout Designs/Topographies Integrated Circuits

(the

arrangement on a chip ofsemi conductor devices)

Trade Secrets
New Plant Varieties

(rights granted to thebreederof a newvarietyof plant)

Essential Elements of IPR

IPR is a broad term for covering
1.Patents for Inventions
2.Copyrights for materials
3.Trade marks of brand identity.
4.Trade secrets.
-IP is a an asset that can be bought or sold,
licensed & exchanged.
-Unlike others, it is intangible.
-These properties are protected on a national basis.

Patent:
It

is a legal monopoly granted to the

owner of an invention for a limited time.

The limited monopoly right granted by

the state enables an inventor to prohibit
another person from manufacturing,
using or selling the patented product or
from using the patented process, without
permission.

Period of Patents - 20 Years

Types of Patents:
Utility

Patents: It can be granted to anyone

who invents any new & useful process,
machine etc. period is 20 years.
Design Patents: It can be granted to any
one who invents a new appearance for an
article of manufacture. Period is 14 years.
Plant patents: It can be granted to any one
who discovers & reproduces a new variety
of plant. Period is 20 years.

Copyrights:

It is the exclusive right granted to the author of a

book/work to produce it.

Copyright is a legal device that provides the

creator of a work of art or literature, or a work
that conveys information or ideas, the right to
control how the work is used.

It is sanctioned to prevent others from

a)Copying the work
b)Publishing copies commercially
c) Renting the work in a free market
d) Demonstrating the work in public.

Trademark:

It is a registered brand(brand name, symbol

or logo) which gives the holder the
exclusive right to use.

A name of an enterprise or a Mark capable of

being represented graphically, distinguishing the
goods or services of one person from those of others.

This is a territorial right, which requires

registration.

Also symbolize the quality of the product.

Registration of Trade Mark

Trade Marks are registered by national trade

mark registries and are valid in that country

Registration is made after examination and

publication

Period of registration is for 10 years but can

be renewed indefinitely

WELLKNOWN

MARKS

Coca Cola for soft drink

Toblerone (Triangularshaped chocolates)
Trade Names
Godrej- Furniture, Refrigerators, Storewell, Compactor etc

GE- Bulbs
43

Types of Trade Marks

Generic Trade marks: Words or symbols that

are not distinguishing the goods from others,
as they are common terms used to identify the
goods themselves.
Descriptive trade marks: They clearly denote
the specific purpose, physical characteristics &
end use of the product.
Suggestive Trade marks: They do not describe
the goods for which the mark is used; yet they
require some imagination to arrive at a
conclusion about the nature of the goods.

Trade Secrets

It means information which is kept confidential as a secret.

It may include some formula, methods , data collections

etc.

Trade

secret can be an invention, idea, survey

method, manufacturing process, experiment
results, chemical formula, recipe, financial
strategy, client database etc.

Public disclosure to trade secrets by a person is illegal &

will lead the inventor to claim & recover damages resulting
out of it.

Industrial Design

It is the design or functionality of an

article/product (Eg.shape of a cell phone)

Design means only the features of shape,

configuration, pattern, ornament or
composition of lines or colours applied to any
article whether in two dimensional or three
dimensional or in both forms, by any
industrial process or means, whether manual,
mechanical or chemical, separate or
combined, which in the finished article
appeal to and are judged solely by the eye.

Consumer Products

47

Pharmaceutical Product

48

Textile & Jewellery

49

Rights of the Registered Proprietor

The

proprietor of the registered

design has the exclusive right to
apply the design to any article in the
class in which the design is
registered

Period

of protection is ten years

extendable by 5 years.

IP Laws of India
Act

Ministry/Department

The Copyright Act, 1957

Higher Education

The Patents Act, 1970

Industrial Policy & Promotion

The Designs Act, 2000

Industrial Policy & Promotion

The Trade Marks Act, 1999

Industrial Policy & Promotion

The Geographical Indications of Goods

(Registration and Protection) Act, 1999

Industrial Policy & Promotion

The Semiconductor Integrated Circuits LayoutDesign Act, 2000

Information Technology

The Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers

Rights Act, 2001

Agriculture and Cooperation

51

Patent Laws in India

The basic patent law in India is Indian
Patents Act 1970 which give emphasis on
process patent.
It was amended in 1972, 1995, 1999, &
2005.
With the amendment of
Patents(amendment) Act 2005, the
amending process of Indian Patent Act to
bring conformity to the TRIPS agreement of
WTO (Product patent) is completed

Information Technology & IPR

IT requires a strong IPR protection system

because it is the competitive and fastest
growing sector in the world.

Large number of patents are being granted

in the IT sector.

Electronics is the second largest area(after

chemicals) in which most patent
applications are filed in India.

IPR in Information Technology

Copyright:
Material published on internet is copyrighted.
Author of a IT work is the 1 st owner of the copy
right.
Copy right is currently a primary source of
protection for software programs, user manuals,
websites & other IT works, provided that they
meet the requirements of the Copyright Act.
Patent and other rights
For net based products, services etc.
Patents can be issued for those computer
program that focus on the systems, processes &
methods used to achieve a solution to a specific
problem.

IPR in Information Technology

Trade secrets :
IT, including but not limited to a formula,
pattern, compilation, program, method,
technique, or process, may also be
protected under trade secret law.
Trade marks:
Trade marks can be used to protect the
goodwill associated with the names,
slogans, symbols & other marks used by
businesses in the IT.

ACADEMIC SERVICES
Academic
services
are
the
services
introduced by the Govt or other agencies to
provide guidance, planning and assistance
to the students, teachers, research scholars
and the other academic community.
Some of such services are:
- INFLIBNET
- NICENET
- BRNET

INFORMATION & LIBRARY

NETWORK CENTRE (INFLIBNET)

It is an autonomous inter university centre of

the University Grants Commission(UGC)
Headquarters at Gujarath University campus
It creates infrastructure for sharing the
library and information resources among the
academic community and research
institutions.
It is a computer communication network
linking libraries and information centres
under different universities and colleges.

Functions
Promote fully computerisation of libraries
Introduce standards and uniform guidelines
for the functioning of libraries in India.
To interconnect libraries, information
centres & research centres in the country
Provide cyber access to the document
collection of libraries
Ensure optimum use of information resource
through sharing, inter library loan service
etc.

Create database of books, projects, thesis

etc
Encourage co-operation among libraries and
information centres
Train and develop human resources to
handle computerised libraries
Create and promote research &
development
Facilitate academic communications among
scientists, researchers, academicians etc.

NLIST (National Library and

Information Services Infrastructure
for Scholarly Content)
It is a project initiated by MHRD and funded by
UGC
It provide access to e-resources (e-books, earticles, thesis etc) to students, teachers and
research scholars from colleges, universities and
other institutions through the server installed at
INFLIBNET.
Authorised users can access to this system by
using their user name and password.
4212 Colleges are now registered in India (Nov
2014)

NICENET
(Internet Classroom Assistant)

Nicenet is a non-profit organization of

Internet professionals who give their time to
provide services to the Internet community
Nicenet's primary offering, the Internet
Classroom Assistant (ICA) which is designed
to address the pedagogical needs and limited
resources of teachers and their students
The ICA is a web-based classroom
environment giving teachers and students a
forum to collaborate and share ideas.

The ICA is free for anyone to use and

requires only a web browser and a
connection to the Internet
To join a class students must get a "Class
Key" from teacher. You can click on Join a
Class on the Nicenet home page to start
the process
It is a free discussion forum with no
advertising. Nicenet strongly believes that
the classroom should not be a marketplace.

The system was designed not as a

replacement for the classroom, but rather
as a supplement allowing greater
communication and sharing of information
among students and between teachers
The ICA requires only a web browser and a
connection to the Internet, so there is no
software to install or servers to manage

Features of NICENET

NICENET is a web based Learning Mgt

System
It is a supplement to teaching (Not a
substitute)
It allows to share links to academic sites
Teacher and student can add documents
such as reading materials, assignments etc
It offer Text conferencing/interaction
Class schedules and reminders can be added
It helps to send messages to whole class or
selected individuals.

Bio-Resource Network (BRNET)

It is a site for biological and bio-resource
information.
It is an initiative of Japan Science and
Technology (JST) Corporation.
It contain the collection of biological
information resources distributed over
internet.
The end user can easily search the desired
information
It also allows the users to create their own
bio resources database.