Distance Protection Function

DISTANCE RELAYS

 Z(radius vector) lies on +R if

V I same phase, on R

if 180 difference

+X component if I lags V and vice versa.

3

 Mho or admittance relay is reactance relay with a

Directional unit

an overcurrent element developing positive torque,

and a current-voltage directional element that either

opposes or aids the overcurrent element, depending
on the phase angle between the current and the
voltage.

The directional element is arranged to develop

maximum negative torque when its current lags its

voltage by 90
4

T = K1VI cos (-) - K2V2 K3

Or
Z=K1 (cos (-) ) / K2

The diameter of the circle

practically independent of voltage
or current.

 impedance relay having operating torque produced

by the current, restraining torque produced by the
voltage.

In the reactance relay operating torque is produced

by the current, restraining torque is produced by the

current and voltage.

In the mho relay operating torque by the voltage and

current, restraining torque is produced by the
voltage.

Impedance relay used in the medium transmission

line.
Reactance relay used for the small transmission line.
mho relay used in the long transmission line.
6

Relay Characteristics

MHO

Quadrilateral

Three Zone Distance

Protection

Line impedance to fault determined by measuring

voltage and current at the relay point

Single Line Diagram

Phase angle of protected line must be considered

Zone 1
Zone 2

Zone 3

Discrimination between relay points requires

directional and time delayed operation
R

t
Z3

Timing Diagram
Z2
Z1

Relaying
Point

Z3

 CROSS-POLARISATION

Close up faults are a BOUNDARY Condition

Relay Operation is Slow - Fault currents are high.
Voltage is added from a healthy phase.
3-Phase Faults - No healthy-phase so cross-polarising has no
effect.

Fault Type
R-E
Y-E
POLARISING
B-E
QUANTITIES
R-Y
Y-B
B-R

Polarising Voltage (VP)

B-Y (+90)
R-B (+90)
Y-R (+90)
B-E (+90)
R-E (+90)
Y-E (+90)

VRB
VB
VBY

VR
VY
VYR

 Power Swing which is basically caused by the large disturbances in the power

system which if not blocked could cause wrong operation of the distance relay
and can generates wrong or undesired tripping of the transmission line circuit
breaker.

Power swings can cause the change in load impedance which under steady

state conditions, whereas within the relays operating characteristic, to induce

unwanted relay operations at different network locations.

Power Swing Block (PSB) function is adopted in modern relays to prevent

unwanted distance relay element operation during power swing . The main
purpose of the PSB function is to differentiate between power faults and power
swings, and block distance or other relay elements from operations during a
power swing.
10

POWER SWING DETECTION & BLOCKING

If the System
Impedance
Remains in the
Power Swing
Detection Zone for
longer than the Pre
set Transit Time
(Nominally 50 ms)
POWER SWING
ALARM
will Operate

Zone 3

Power Swing Outer

boundary
Power Swing Inner
boundary

Zone 2

Power swing
locus

Zone 1

Transit
time

SWITCH ON TO FAULT ( SOTF)

Practically Zero Impedance in fault path.

Fault Point is at the Origin - Boundary condition for Zones 1 & 2
For a 3-Phase fault, cross-polarising will have no effect

When breaker is closed

Allow Zone 3 to trip instantaneously
Allow a trip on Overcurrent only

SOTF Fault Point

SWITCH ON TO FAULT ALGORITHMS

Used where VT is on LINE SIDE of the CB
IF Current and Voltage have been Dead for 10 Secs
AND the Current Rises ABOVE 30% of Nominal
AND Voltage remains BELOW 20% of Nominal
THEN
Remove the Time Delay from Zone 3
AND
Allow tripping on Overcurrent only
FOR
200ms
Used where VT is on BUSBAR SIDE of the CB
When Circuit Breaker Manual Close Handle is Operated
Remove the Time Delay from Zone 3
FOR 400ms
(Longer delay allows for CB Closing time)

Protection Schemes

TIME STEPPED DISTANCE PROTECTION SCHEME

No Signalling used between ends
Cheap and simple
Relay Operation is slow in places

S/Stn 1

Time

S/Stn 2

Relay
A

Zone 3

Zone 2

Relay
B

Relay
C

Zone 2

Zone 1

Zone 1

Relay
D

Zone 3

Zone 3

Zone 3

Zone 3

S/Stn 3

Zone 2

Zone 2

Zone 1

Zone 1

Zone 3

PROTECTION SCHEMES
Operation of the Time Stepped Distance Protection may be improved by the use
of additional Scheme Logic

REACH EXTENSION

PERMISSIVE UNDER-REACH (PUTT)

PERMISSIVE OVER-REACH (POTT)

BLOCKING OVER-REACH

ZONE 1 REACH EXTENSION SCHEME

No Signalling used between ends

S/Stn 1

Gives improved fault clearance

time for fault @ this position

Relay
A

S/Stn 2

Relay
B

Will trip CB @ 'A' for

fault @ this position

Relay
C

S/Stn 3

Relay
D

Time

Trip

Zone 1 Ext
Distance

Reclose

Zone 1

Zone 2

Zone 3
Distance

PERMISSIVE UNDERREACH SCHEME (PUTT)

Operation of Zone 1 sends signal to remote end

SIGNALLING CHANNEL
REQUIRED BETWEEN
ENDS

Instantaneous trip if

Zone 1 Operation

Zone 2 + Signal from Remote end

S/Stn 1

Relay
A

S/Stn 2

Signalling Channel

Relay
B

Zone 2
Carrier
Aided
Trip

Time

Relay
C

Zone 2
Time Delayed Trip

Distance

Zone 1 (No Operation)

Zone 1

Zone 2

Distance

ALLOWS INSTANTANEOUS TRIPPING OVER 100% OF THE LINE LENGTH

PERMISSIVE OVERREACH SCHEME (POTT)

SIGNALLING CHANNEL
REQUIRED BETWEEN
ENDS

Instantaneous Operation of Zone 2 sends signal to remote end

Instantaneous trip if

Zone 1 Operation

Zone 2 + Signal from Remote end

S/Stn 1

Relay
A

S/Stn 2

Signalling Channel

Relay
B

Zone 2
Carrier
Aided
Trip

Time

Relay
C

Zone 2
Time Delayed Trip

Distance

Zone 1 (No Operation)

Zone 2

Zone 2 Instantaneous
Zone 1
Distance

ALLOWS INSTANTANEOUS TRIPPING OVER 100% OF THE LINE LENGTH

BLOCKING SCHEME
Operation of Zone 4 sends blocking signal to remote end

Instantaneous trip if

Zone 1 Operation

Zone 2 + No blocking Signal from Remote end

WITHIN the Permissive Trip Time

SIGNALLING CHANNEL
REQUIRED BETWEEN
ENDS

S/Stn 1

Relay
A

S/Stn 2

Signalling Channel

Relay
B

Relay
C

Zone 2
Carrier
Aided
Trip

Time

Distance

Zone 1 (No Operation)

Zone 1

Zone 2

Zone 4 - Blocking

Distance

ALLOWS INSTANTANEOUS TRIPPING OVER 100% OF THE LINE LENGTH

 BLOCKING
Increased dependability because if the carrier fails,
the protection will trip anyway.

Decreased security because if the carrier fails, the

protection will trip for an out of section fault.

PERMISSIVE
Increased security because if the communication
fails, the protection will not trip high speed.

Decreased dependability because if the comm fails,

the protection will not trip high speed for an in
section fault.

21

AUTORECLOSING

80-90% OF POWER SYSTEM FAULTS ARE TRANSIENT IN NATURE

THEY CAN BE CLEARED BY

ALLOWING THE FAULT PATH TO DE-IONISE

RECLOSING THE BREAKER

Generally two types of Autoreclosure are used:

High Speed Autoreclose - Single Pole Auto Re-Close

ISOLATING THE FAULT

Open Breaker & reclose after short time delay

Fault path may not have time to de-energise.
Synchronising is not required.

Delayed Autoreclose - Three Pole Auto Re-Close

Open Breaker - Reclose after longer time delay

Synchronism must be checked before re-closure is allowed

AUTORECLOSE SEQUENCE
Zone 1 Fault
Carrier Aided Trip
AR Start

AR
Sequence
Start

Circuit breaker Open

Trip initiation Removed
Line Voltage Dead

Start
Dead Time

Sequence Fail Timer

Autoreclose
Lockout
AUTORECLOSER
IDLE
Fault ReStrikes

Close
Pulse
Width

Check Close
Conditions
Check
Sync
Timer

Live Bar/Dead Line

Check Sync

CB Not Closed
Autoreclose
Successful

Start
Reclaim
Time

Issue Close
Pulse
CB Closed

Thank you