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Theory
(Definition, influencing factor etc.)
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What is COMBUSTION ?
C + O2 CO 2
2C + O2 2 CO
2H 2 + O2 2H2O
+ O2 SO2
Nitrogen (%)
Sulphur (%)
Oxygen (%)
GCV
(Kcal/kg)
3 Ts of Combustion
TIME
All combustion requires sufficient Time which depends upon type of
Reaction
TEMPERATURE
Temperature must be more than ignition temperature
TURBULENCE
Proper turbulence helps in bringing the fuel and air in intimate contact
and gives them enough time to complete reaction.
3 Ts of Combustion
Ignition
3 Ts of Combustion
Ignition
Temperature- Fuel-Air
Mixture maintained at or above the
Ignition Temperature
3 Ts of Combustion
Oxygen
mixed.
and
Fuel
thoroughly
Combustion is achieved when all the fuel is burned using only the
theoretical amount of air, but perfect combustion cannot be achieved in a
boiler.
Good
Combustion Inefficiencies
Flue gas
H2O
Deficiency of Air
H2
CO
Air
Unburnt Fuel
Soot
O2
CO2
N2
N2
Fuel
Combustion Inefficiencies
Too much of Air
Flue gas
H2O
Air
O2
CO2
Excess O2
Excess O2
N2
Fuel
N2
=
Combustion Inefficiencies
Stochiometric Air
Flue
Air
H2O
O2
CO2
N2
Fuel
N2
=
Operating in this
Zone results in
wasted fuel
Zone of maximum
Combustion Efficiency
Decrease
Unburned
Fuel Loss
Operating in this
Zone results in
Excess heat loss up the stack
Increase
Excess
Air
Loss
10
20
40
100
12.0
10.7
9.8
8.3
5.7
Distillate oil15.2
13.8
12.5
10.7
7.4
Residual
oil
15.8
14.1
12.9
11.0
7.6
Anthracite 19.8
coal
18.0
16.5
14.1
10.0
Natural
gas
Oxygen
in Flue
Gas for
Propane
Bitumino Anthraci all fuels
Fuel Oil
(%
Butane
us Coal te Coal
volume)
12,0
14,0
15,5
18,0
20,0
0,0
20
10,5
12,0
13,5
15,5
16,5
3,0
40
9,0
10,0
12,0
13,5
14,0
5,0
60
8,0
9,0
10,0
12,0
12,5
7,5
80
7,0
8,0
9,0
11,0
11,5
9,0
100
6,0
6,0
8,0
9.5
10,0
10,0
Oxyge
200
n
300
400
500
600
9.5
2.0
85.4
83.1
80.8
78.4
76.0
15
3.0
85.2
82.8
80.4
77.9
75.4
28.1
5.0
84.7
82.1
79.5
76.7
74.0
44.9
7.0
84.1
81.2
78.2
75.2
72.1
81.6
10.0
82.8
79.3
75.6
71.9
68.2
ft/s
Ducts at minimum
load
< 4.0
< 13
< 5.0
< 16
5.0 - 8.0
16 - 26
10 - 15
31 - 49
15 - 25
49 - 82
3.0 - 4.0
9.8 - 13
requirement)
14 Kg of air/kg fuel is required for complete
combustion. Optimum efficiency with 10 % excess
air
Flue gas should be analysed for CO 2 or O2
Sulphur dewpoint at 160 oC. Corrosion max at
30oC below dew point
Burners
Burners convert fuel oil into millions of small droplets process
called atomization
High surface to volume ratio in oil to facilitate evaporation and
combustion
3 basic types of burners are pressure jet, air or steam blast
burners and Rotary Cup
Burner Controls
ON/OFF-Burner firing at either full rate
or OFF
HIGH/LOW/OFF Burner operates at
slow firing rate and full firing rate as per
load
MODULATING BURNER Firing rate
matches the boiler load
Coal Combustion
1 kg of coal requires 10
-12 kg of air for complete
combustion
Primary air is supplied
below the grate and Secondary
air over the grate
Supply of PA and SA
regulated with coal bed
thickness
Secondary air provided to
create good turbulence
Clinkers formed on
combustion to be removed
immediately
Properties of Coal
Coal Classification
Three main coal classes: anthracite, bituminous, and
lignite(Sub class- semi anthracite, semi bituminous,
and sub bituminous)
Anthracite-oldest coal,hard coal composed mainly of
carbon with little volatile content and practically no
moisture.
Lignite -the youngest coal.
Chemical composition of coal has a strong influence
on its combustibility.
Anthracite
Bituminous coal
Lignite
Proximate Analysis
Typical proximate analysis of various coals (in
Percentage by weight)
Indian
Coal
Indonesia
n Coal
South
African
Coal
5.98
9.43
8.5
Ash
38.56
13.99
18
Volatile
matter
20.70
29.79
23.28
Fixed
Carbon
34.69
46.79
51.22
Parameter
Moisture
Ash Content:
Ash is an impurity that will not burn. Typical range is 0.5 to
40%
Reduces handling and burning capacity.
Increases handling costs.
Affects combustion efficiency and boiler efficiency
Causes clinkering and slagging.
Moisture Content:
Moisture decreases the heat content per kg of coal. Typical range is 0.5 to
10%
Increases heat loss, due to evaporation and superheating
Helps, to a limit, in binding fines.
Sulphur Content:
Typical range is 0.5 to 5% normally.
Affects clinkering and slagging tendencies,Corrodes chimney and other
equipment such as air heaters and economisers,Limits exit flue gas
temperature.
Ultimate Analysis:
Useful to find the quantity of air required for combustion and the
volume and composition of the combustion gases, calculation of flame
temperature and the flue duct design etc
Preparation of Coal
Sizing of Coal
Proper coal sizing, with specific relevance to the type of firing system,
helps towards even burning, reduced ash losses and better combustion
efficiency.
Conditioning of Coal
Segregation of fines from larger coal pieces can be reduced to a great
extent by conditioning coal with water. Water helps fine particles to stick
to the bigger lumps due to surface tension of the moisture, thus stopping
fines from falling through grate bars or being carried away by the furnace
draft.
Blending of Coal
In case of coal lots having excessive fines, it is advisable to blend the
predominantly lumped coal with lots containing excessive fines. Coal
blending may thus help to limit the extent of fines in coal being fired to not
more than 25%. Blending of different qualities of coal may also help to
supply a uniform coal feed to the boiler.
Spontaneous Combustion
LPG
Gas
Methane is the main constituent of Natural gas and
accounting for about 95% of the total volume. Other
components are: Ethane, Propane, Butane, Pentane,
Nitrogen.sulphur negligible.
It is lighter than air and disperses into air easily in case
Gas Burner
Moisture
Paddy
Husk
Saw
Dust
Coconut
Shell
7.11
10.79
37.98
13.95
Mineral
Matter
19.77
16.73
1.63
3.52
Carbon
36.59
33.95
48.55
44.95
Hydrogen
4.15
5.01
6.99
4.99
Nitrogen
0.82
0.91
0.80
0.56
Sulphur
0.54
0.09
0.10
0.08
Oxygen
31.02
32.52
41.93
31.94
GCV
(Kcal/kg)
3151
3568
4801
4565
Thank
You!