HISTOLOGI

KARTILAGO & TULANG

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Hard Connective Tissue

Cartilage and Bone
Three components:
1. Cells
2. Fibers
3. Ground substance

Hard Connective Tissue

Cartilage and Bone are similar to the connective tissue in
that they are composed of cells, fibers and ground
substance (matrix).
They differ basically from
the other connective tissue
by the presence of
substances in the
intercellular material that
provide firmness (as in
cartilage) and rigidity (as in
bone).

Cartilage
Three components:
1. Cells:
a. All types of cartilage are
comprised of cells called
chondrocytes
b. Chondrocytes occupy
lacunae which are located
within the matrix.

Cartilage
Three components:
1.Cells:
Contain chondronectin, an
integral membrane protein that
binds to GAGs and collagen.
Mediates the adherence of
chodrocytes to the extracellular
matrix (ECM).

Cartilage
1. Cells:
Chondrocytes are elliptical cells with few microvilli.
During growth of
cartilage,
chondrocytes have a
large Golgi complex,
a well developed
rough endoplasmic
reticulum and
vacuoles containing a
flocculent material.

What do these features indicate?

Cartilage: Three Components

Cells:
Chondrocytes produce
protein, collagen fibers
and ground substance
(e.g., chondroitin
sulfate).

Cartilage: Basic Structure

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Cartilage: Basic Structure

Chondrocytes

Lacunae
Territorial Matrix

Cartilage: Basic Structure

Interterritorial Matrix

Isogenous
groups

Perichondrium

Cartilage: Three Components

Ground substance:
a. Principal component is chondroitin sulfates.
b. Chondroitin sulfates are acidic proteoglycans that are
responsible for the basophilic staining of the matrix.

Cartilage: Three Components

Ground substance:
c. The basophilia of the ground substance is greater in
the area immediately surrounding the lacunae
(territorial matrix).
This area contains few
collagen fibrils.
d. The interterritorial
matrix located outside
the territorial matrix
contains a greater
number of collagen
fibrils.

Cartilage: Three Components

Fibers:
Mainly collagen.

Cartilage
Types:
There are three types of cartilage found in
the body: hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage.

Cartilage Types
Hyaline cartilage:
Found on articular surfaces of
bones, on the sternal ends of
ribs, in the trachea and larynx,
in the nose, in the external
auditory meatus and in the
fetal skeleton.
Cells: Chondrocytes. Hyaline
cartilage grows by both
interstitial and appositional
growth.

Cartilage Types
Hyaline cartilage:
Type II collagen (40%) are fine fibrils (100 - 200 nm
diameter) which form an interlacing network in the
matrix.
Ground substance:
mainly
chondroitin sulfates.

Elastic cartilage:

Cartilage Types

Found in the larynx, external ear

(auricle), auditory tube and
epiglottis.
Cells: Chondrocytes are located
in lacunae, similar to those seen
in hyaline cartilage.
Elastic cartilage grows by both
interstitial and appositional
growth.
Ground substance principally
chondroitin sulfates.

Cartilage Types
Elastic cartilage:
Fibers: In addition to collagenous fibers,
elastic cartilage contains a meshwork of
elastic fibrils that give the cartilage a yellow
appearance in the living state.
The presence of elastic
fibers gives this
cartilage type more
flexibility than hyaline
or fibrocartilage.

Cartilage Types
Fibrocartilage:
Found in intervertebral discs,
articular discs, symphysis
pubis and at the insertions of
tendons and ligaments.
It is not surrounded by a
perichondrium.

Cartilage Types
Fibrocartilage:
Cells: chondrocytes are
oriented between large
collagenous fiber bundles or
appear singly in an isolated
fashion within lacunae.
So, bagaimana cara
pertumbuhannya?

Cartilage Types
Fibrocartilage:
There is no identifiable
perichondrium surrounding
fibrocartilage, therefore, it
apparently grows by interstitial
growth only.*
Fibers - an abundance of
collagen type I fibrils that are
visible in routine preparations.
Kolagen tipe berapa untuk
kartilago hialin ?

Cartilage
Coverings:
A common characteristic of all types of cartilage is the
absence of capillaries running within it.

Bagaiman
a kondrosit
mendapat
nutrisi?

Cartilage
Coverings:
Therefore, the chondrocytes must receive nutritive
substances from blood vessels in the connective tissue
surrounding the cartilage by diffusion through the
ground substance.

Cartilage
Coverings:
The perichondrium consists of two layers:
Inner cellular layer consisting of chondrogenic cells
that, in young cartilage, contribute to the appositional
growth of cartilage.
Outer fibrous layer consisting of densely woven
collagenous fibers, blood vessels & fibroblast
In adult cartilage, the fibrous layer is the only layer
that is apparent.

Perichondrium

Methods of Growth of Cartilage

Embryonic Development:
As the cells of most connective tissues, chondrocytes are
derived from mesenchymal cells which form a
mesenchymal condensation.
These undifferentiated cells divide and
differentiate into chondrogenic cells,
committed to becoming chondrocytes.
These cell further differentiate into
chondroblasts which create the initial ECM.
When chondroblasts become surrounded
by the ECM and are in a lacuna, these cells
become chondrocytes.

Methods of Growth of Cartilage

Interstitial Growth:
Active chondrocytes within the cartilaginous mass can
undergo mitosis. Each daughter cell produces fibers and
ground substance around itself so that the cartilage
expands from within the matrix
(interstitial growth). *
Groups of these daughter cells which arise
from a common chondrocyte retain a close relationship
and form isogenous groups.

Methods of Growth of Cartilage

Appositional Growth:
Chondrogenic cells located in the perichondrium
surrounding the cartilage can migrate into the
cartilaginous matrix and differentiate into chondrocytes
by
appositional
growth. *

Cartilage
Histophysiology and Histopathology:
Cartilage can undergo calcification with age (similar to
endochondral bone formation).
Deficiencies in the supply of precursors, minerals, and
vitamins A, C and D can lead to abnormal growth and
maturation of cartilage.
Abnormal production of growth hormone by the anterior
pituitary gland, thyroxin by the thyroid, testosterone and
estrogen by the gonads, and cortisone by the adrenal
glands can also produce abnormal growth of cartilage.

BONE

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Bone
Similar to cartilage in that:
1. Its cells are located in lacunae
2. It has an intercellular matrix possessing a proteinpolysaccharide rich ground substance containing
chondroitin sulfate
3. It contains collagen fibrils.

Bone
Differs from cartilage in that:
1. Inorganic salts are
deposited in the bone
matrix
2. Its cells can not receive
nutrients by diffusion
through the inorganic
matrix

Bone
Differs from cartilage in that:
3. Canaliculi link the lacunae and serve as a means for
the passage of nutrients

ground
bone,
unstained

lacunae

canaliculi

Bone
Differs from cartilage in that:
4. The collagen fibrils are
organized into lamellae

Bone
Concentric
Lamellae
Central
(Haversian)
Canal

Osteon

Bone
Differs from cartilage in that:
5. Bone grows only appositionally.

Bone
Cells called osteocytes, occupy lacunae and are
somewhat evenly distributed throughout the bone tissue.
*

Bone
.Cells
*
The cells conform to the shape of the lacunae and send
processes into canaliculi, where they form gap junctions
with the processes of adjacent cells. *

Canalicul
i

KOMPONEN TULANG
SEL :

osteoprogenitor, osteosblas, osteosit,

osteoklas

MATRIKS
Bagian anorganik (65%)
kalsium, fosfat, bikarbonat, magnesium, kalium,
natrium
Bagian organik (35%)
Kolagen tipe I,
GAG (kondroitin sulfat, keratin sulfat),
glikoprotein
Osteopontin -zona osteoklas,
Osteokalsin (mineralisasi)
Sialoprotein protein adesi osteoblas & matriks
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PERIOSTEUM
bagian luar tulang
Jaringan ikat padat irreguler
Tanpa kalsifikasi
Sel osteoprogenitor

ENDOSTEUM
Dinding rongga sumsum tulang
Jaringan ikat
Sel osteoprogenitor, osteoblas
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SEL OSTEOBLAS
Sel osteoprogenitor + TGF -> osteoblas
Ada reseptor hormon PTH -> McSF &
RANKL monosit > osteoklas
Ada reseptor hormon kalsitonin -> osteoid
& pengendapan kalsium > osteosit
Sekresi kolagen tipe I
Ada gap junction dengan osteoblas
&osteosit

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OSTEOSIT
Sel dengan juluran sitoplasma
Ada gap junction dengan osteosit lain
Nutrisi & O2 dari cairan ekstrasel dalam lakuna
& kanalikuli

OSTEOKLAS

Osteoblas + PTH -> (makrofag> osteoklas)

Berada di lakuna howship
Ada kalsitonin > inaktif
Ada osteoprotogerin > inaktif
Untuk resorbsi tulang

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Osteoclasts
Many lysosomes that produce proteolytic enzymes
responsible for the dissolution of bone matrix and
cytoplasmic vacuoles.

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RESORBSI TULANG
Osteoklas mensekresi
asam > kalsium larut
Hidrolase & kolagenase > menghancurkan
matriks organik tulang
Osteoklas mengambil pecahan matriks
Melepaskan ke kapiler

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Compact
Dense and solid

vs. Spongy Bone

Irregular, thin plates
= trabeculae

Compact
Dense and solid

vs. Spongy Bone

Irregular, thin plates
= trabeculae

Structure and Location

Cortical
bone

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Cancellous
bone

50

Cortex

Hematopoietic
and fatty marrow

7.5
mm

Trabeculae

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Bone : spongy bone

Organization of lamellae:
Spicules & trabeculae
consist of several lamellae.
Since the canalicular
system can only provide
nutrients to osteocytes
within 0.2 mm from the
blood supply, trabeculae
and spicule are usually not
more than 0.4 mm in
thickness.

Bone : compact bone

Organization of lamellae:
consists of:
(1) concentric lamellae
arranged in Haversian
systems, and*
(2) Interstitial lamellae
between the Haversian
systems.

Bone
Haversian Systems (Osteons):
The Haversian canal contains
capillaries, venules, lymphatic vessels
and a loose connective tissue
containing osteoprogenitor cells.

Bone
Haversian Systems (Osteons):
Haversian canals are oriented in
the long axis of the bone.
Volkmann's canals are vascular
channels that connect the
Haversian system with the
blood vessels in the periosteum.

Bone
Interstitial Lamellae:
Remnants of Haversian systems that were partially
resorbed.

Bone
Circumferential Lamellae:
Outer circumferential
lamellae lie next to the
periosteum and oriented
parallel to it. *
Inner circumferential
lamellae lie next to the
endosteum.

Bone
Coverings and linings:
Periosteum - Dense
fibrous covering of
bone.
Some of the coarse
collagenous fibers
extend into the bone as
Sharpey's fibers which
help to anchor tendons
and ligaments.

Periosteum
In young growing bones and in older bones after trauma,
an inner cellular (osteogenic) layer of the periosteum is
found deep to
the fibrous layer.

Periosteum
The spindle-shaped osteoprogenitor cells (containing a
small amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum and a
poorly developed Golgi complex) of this highly
vascularized layer can
differentiate into osteoblasts
that produce new bone.

Bone
Coverings and linings:
Endosteum - consists of
a fine reticular
connective tissue
containing
osteoprogenitor cells
which may be
transformed
into osteoblasts.

Endosteum
Lining of the bone
surface facing the marrow
and also of trabeculae

Endosteum
Enters perforating
(Volkman) canals

Endosteum
Continues to cover
central canals

endosteum

Blood & Nerve Supply of Bone

Tissue

Periosteal
arteries:
accompanied by
nerves.

Nutrient artery
(nutrient foramen):
center of disphysis

Metaphyseal &
epiphyseal
arteries: supply

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the ends of the long

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BONE FORMATION
= Osteogenesis,osifikasi
1.embrio- fetus
2.Chilhood adult
3.Remodelling
4.Fracture

Bone growth
Growth in length- addition of bone material on
the diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate
Growth in thickness- appositional growth

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Bone Formation

Intramembranous ossification
From Mesenchyme
Flat bones of the skull &
mandible

Endochondral ossification
First cartilage model is formed
& it is replaced by bone.
Long bone

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Intramembranous ossification

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Osteogenesis
cartilaginea

Jaringan tulang tidak langsung terjadi dari

jaringan ikat mesenkim, tapi dari kartilago.
1.

1. Pada tempat jaringan tulang akan terbentuk:

mesenkim

kondroblast

Matriks
kartilago

2. Terbentuk perikondrium
3. Pertumbuhan memanjang : intertitial
growth
Pertumbuhan melebar : appositional
growth
4. Kondrosit hipertrofi dan Matriks
terkalsifikasi
ruang lakuna
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Kondrosit

70

6. Lakuna dimasuki kapiler darah, berasal

dari
perikondrium, membawa
osteogenik, yang
akan berubah
menjadi osteoblas
7. Perikondrium
periosteum
8. Osteoblas menghasilkan matrix baru
pada matrix cartilaginea yang
mengapur.
9. Terjadilah pusat penulangan primer. Ini
terjadi pada diafisis tulang
10. Ikut aliran darah, masuk pulalah
osteoklas, yang merusak jaringan
tulang di diafisis membentuk rongga
sumsum
11. Hal ini meluas ke arah epiphysis.
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12. Perikondrium menjadi periosteum

Sementara itu dengan cara yang sama, dipusat

epifisis terjadi juga pusat penulangan: centrum
ossificationis secundarium epiphysiale

Tidak ada pembentukan rongga sum-sum tulang

Proses penulangan ini meninggalkan sisa

jaringan kartilago di dua tempat:
* fascia articularis, pada ujung sendi.
* diperbatasan epifisis dan diafisis, yang
dinamakan cartilago epiphysialis

Pada daerah terakhir inilah akan terjadi ossificatio

endochondralis = pertumbuhan panjang tulang
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Pertumbuhan Panjang Tulang

(endokondralis)
kartilago epifisis tampak beberapa daerah, seperti tiangtiang, berurutan dari arah epiphysis ke diafisis,
sebagai berikut:
Zona reservata: daerah cadangan sel kartilago

Zona proliverativa: sel kartilago mengalami

proliferasi (mitosis), teratur bertumpuk membentuk
tiang berjajar

Zona hypertrophica: terisi kondrosit matur yang

membentuk fosfatasa alkalis. Mulai tampak
pengapuran.

Zona resorbens: terjadi proses resorbsi. Cartilago

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yang mengapur kartilago mati difagosit

Aliran darah dari endochondrium membawa sel

osteogenik, yang berubah menjadi osteoblastocytus.
Osteoblas membentuk matriks, Aliran darah juga
membawa garam-garam. Terjadilah pengapuran
menggantikan pengapuran dari kartilago terbentuklah
pemanjangan diafisis
Umur 18-20 tahun kondrosit berhenti mitosis
.

videoplayback_4.FLV

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OSIFIKASI
Osteoblas membentuk vesikula
matriks tinggi kalsium
Kalsium masuk menambah pekat &
terbentuk kalsium hidroksi apatit
eksositosis
Enzim dilepaskan membebaskan
fosfat
Air disingkirkan
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Forming of Osteon system

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Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is the ongoing replacement of

old bone tissue by new bone tissue.
It involves the bone resorption, the removal of
minerals and collagen by osteoclasts &
the deposition of minerals & collagens by
osteoblasts.

The renewal rate for compact bone is 4% /year &

for spongy bone tissue is 20% /year
Child : deposition >>
Young : same
Middle age women : decreased

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REMODELLING
Faktor faktor yang mempengaruhi :
Hormon
Hormon paratiroid > osteoklas > kalsium darah
meningkat & Sebaliknya kalsitonin
Hormon pertumbuhan somatotropin & tiroid
Testosteron & estrogen
Mineral : kalsium
Vitamin
D : membantu penyerapan kalsium
Vitamin C : membantu menyusun kolagen
Latihan atau olah raga meningkatkan deposisi
tulang
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PENYEMBUHAN FRAKTUR
Pembentukan hematoma
Pembuluh darah pecah > sel sel mati, terjadi
bekuan darah
Sel fagosit & osteoklas memfagosit sel mati dan
debris
Formasi fibrokartilago
Fibroblas pada periosteum menghasilkan kolagen
Sel stem > kondroblas > fibrokartilago
Formasi tulang
Di daerah dengan vaskularisasi baik : sel
osteoprogenitor > osteoblas > spogny bone
Fibrocartilago > spongy bone
Remodeling
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Aging & Bone Tissue

Two principal effects of aging
Loss of bone mass: results from
demineralization (loss of calcium)
Brittleness: results from decrease rate
of protein synthesis (collagen)

Suceptible to fracture
Deformity, pain,

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Textbook Readings:
Mescher, Junqueiras Basic Histology, 12th
ed., McGraw-Hill 2003.
Chapter 7 and 8

Tortora, G.J., Derrickson, B., 2011.

Prinsiples of Anatomy and
Physiology. 13th ed. John
Willey&Sons, Inc.