MATEMATIKA REKAYASA I

MO 141202
Kuliah 2: Fungsi & Limt
mahmud mustain

MATERI Kuliah 2
Fungsi dan Limits:
1. Domain dan range fungsi,
2. Fungsi linear,
3. Fungsi kuadratik dan
trigonometri,
4. Fungsi hyperbolik,
5. Limits dan kontinuitas fungsi.

Definisi
(Wikipedia)

In mathematics, a function[1] is a relation

between a set of inputs and a set of
permissible outputs with the property that
each input is related to exactly one output.
An example is the function that relates each real number x to its
square x2. The output of a function f corresponding to an input x
is denoted by f(x) (read "f of x").
In this example, if the input is 3, then the output is 9, and we
may write f(3) = 9. The input variable(s) are sometimes
referred to as the argument(s) of the function.

 Functions of various kinds are "the central

objects of investigation"[2] in most fields of
modern mathematics. There are many ways to
describe or represent a function. Some functions
may be defined by a formula or algorithm that
tells how to compute the output for a given input.
Others are given by a picture, called the
graph of the function. In science, functions are
sometimes defined by a table that gives the outputs for
selected inputs. A function could be described implicitly,
for example as the inverse to another function or as a
solution of a differential equation.

 The input and output of a function can be

expressed as an ordered pair, ordered so that the
first element is the input (or tuple of inputs, if the
function takes more than one input), and the
second is the output.

In the example above, f(x) = x2, we have the

ordered pair (3, 9). If both input and
output are real numbers, this ordered pair
can be viewed as the Cartesian coordinates
of a point on the graph of the function. But
no picture can exactly define every point in
an infinite set.

 In modern mathematics,[3] a function is defined by its

set of inputs, called the domain; a set containing the
set of outputs, and possibly additional elements, as
members, called its codomain; and the set of all inputoutput pairs, called its graph.
(Sometimes the codomain is called the function's "range", but warning: the
word "range" is sometimes used to mean, instead, specifically the set of
outputs. An unambiguous word for the latter meaning is the function's
"image".
To avoid ambiguity, the words "codomain" and "image" are the preferred
language for their concepts.) For example, we could define a function using
the rule f(x) = x2 by saying that the domain and codomain are the
real numbers, and that the graph consists of all pairs of real numbers (x, x2).
Collections of functions with the same domain and the same codomain are
called function spaces, the properties of which are studied in such
mathematical disciplines as real analysis, complex analysis, and
functional analysis.

In analogy with arithmetic, it is possible to

define addition, subtraction, multiplication,
and division of functions, in those cases
where the output is a number.

Another important operation defined on functions is

function composition, where the output from one
function becomes the input to another function.

Fungsi Linear
In calculus and related
areas, a linear function
is a polynomial function
of degree zero or one, or
is the zero polynomial.

In linear algebra and functional analysis,

a linear function is a linear map.
In linear algebra, a linear function is a map f between two vector spaces that
preserves vector addition and scalar multiplication:

Here a denotes a constant belonging to some field K of scalars (for example,

the real numbers) and x and y are elements of a vector space, which might be K
itself.
Some authors use "linear function" only for linear maps that take values in the
scalar field;[4] these are also called linear functionals.

Quadratic function
A univariate quadratic function, in mathematics, is a
polynomial function of the form of,
in a single variable x. The graph of a univariate quadratic
function is a parabola whose axis of symmetry is parallel to
the y-axis.
The expression ax2 + bx + c in the definition of a univariate
quadratic function is a polynomial of degree 2, or a 2nd
degree polynomial, because the highest exponent of x is 2.
This expression is also called a quadratic polynomial or
quadratic.
If the quadratic function is set equal to zero, then the result is
a quadratic equation. The solutions to the equation are called
the roots of the function.

 A quadratic function can also be

multivariate (having more than one
variable). The bivariate case in terms of
variables x and y has the form of

In general there can be an arbitrarily

large number of variables, but the
highest degree term must be of degree
2, such as x2, xy, yz, etc.

Forms of a quadratic
function

The standard form,

The factored form, where x1 and x2

are the roots of the quadratic
equation, it is used in logistic map
The vertex form, where h and k are
the x and y coordinates of the vertex,
respectively.

Trigonometric functions
In mathematics, the trigonometric
functions (also called the circular
functions) are functions of an angle.
They relate the angles of a triangle
to the lengths of its sides.
Trigonometric functions are
important in the study of triangles
and modeling periodic phenomena,
among many other applications.

Hyperbolic function
In mathematics, hyperbolic functions are
analogs of the ordinary trigonometric, or
circular, functions.

The inverse hyperbolic functions are the area

hyperbolic sine "arsinh" (also called "asinh" or
sometimes "arcsinh")[2] and so on.

Standard algebraic
expressions

Limit of a function
In mathematics, the limit of a function
is a fundamental concept in calculus and
analysis concerning the behavior of that
function near a particular input.
Formal definitions, first devised in the early 19th century,
are given below. Informally, a function f assigns an output
f(x) to every input x. We say the function has a limit L at
an input p: this means f(x) gets closer and closer to L as x
moves closer and closer to p. More specifically, when f is
applied to any input sufficiently close to p, the output
value is forced arbitrarily close to L. On the other hand, if
some inputs very close to p are taken to outputs that stay
a fixed distance apart, we say the limit does not exist.

Continuous function
In mathematics, a continuous function is, roughly
speaking, a function for which small changes in the
input result in small changes in the output.
Otherwise, a function is said to be a discontinuous
function. A continuous function with a continuous
inverse function is called a homeomorphism.
As an example, consider the function h(t), which
describes the height of a growing flower at time t.
This function is continuous. By contrast, if M(t)
denotes the amount of money in a bank account at
time t, then the function jumps whenever money is
deposited or withdrawn, so the function M(t) is
discontinuous.

 Definition in terms of limits of

functions
The function f is continuous at some
point c of its domain if the limit of f(x)
as x approaches c through the domain
of f exists and is equal to f(c).[2]
In mathematical notation, this is
written as

Definition using oscillation

The failure of a function to be
continuous at a point is
quantified by its oscillation.
Continuity can also be defined
in terms of oscillation: a
function f is continuous at a
point x0 if and only if its
oscillation at that point is
zero;[3] in symbols,
A benefit of this definition is that it
quantifies discontinuity: the oscillation
gives how much the function is
discontinuous at a point.

Tugas 1a

Tugas 1b

AL-HAMDULILLAH