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Ismail
Semester I 2009/10
ENTECH
1. Chemistry of Air Pollution
2. Types of Chemical Bonding
3. Mole of a Substance
4. Physical Characteristics of Gases
5. Mole of a Substance
6. Ideal Gas Law
Is fundamental to air pollution effects n control.
Pollutants discharged into atmosphere from chemical
reaction involving combustion n industrial process.
In the air, it may react with one another to form new
pollutants.
Chemistry also involve in abatement or control of pollutants
prior to discharge.
∴ , chemistry can be considered the servant science of air
pollution.
To form compounds, atoms must come very close (2-3A) so
that valence e may be shared or exchanged.
Electronegativity = measure of e pulling ability of atoms.
Elements with low electronegativity reacts readily with
elements of high electronegativity to form strong ionic bonds.
2 elements with about the same electronegativity react to
form weaker covalent bonds.
Chemical reaction take place between e- in outer energy level
of separate atoms.
In cpds formation, reaction maybe endothermic or
exothermic.
Molecules or cpds can be categorize by 2 basic bonding:
Ionic
Covalent
Electro+ve elements (metals) lose e- to electro-ve elements
(non-metals) to forms ionic (electrovalent bond).
Cpds of C with H, O, N, and other elements share e- to form
covalent bonds.
More than 1 bond type is possible in cpds.
Types of Chemical Bonding
1.Ionic Bonding
2.Covalent Bonding
Ionic Bond
1). Ionic bond – electron from Na is transferred to Cl,
this causes a charge imbalance in each atom. The Na
becomes (Na+) and the Cl becomes (Cl-), charged
particles or ions.
Covalent Bond
Covalent bonds- Two atoms share one or more pairs of outer-shell
electrons.
Oxygen Atom Oxygen Atom
Compounds
Physical Characteristics of
Gases
Ideal Gas Law
4 variables that describe the behavior of a
given quantity (mass) of gas are:
1). Pressure, p
2). Volume, V
3). Temperature, T
4). No. of moles of a gas, n.
D. Number of moles
Avogadro’s Law – equal volumes of
gases at the same temperature and
pressure have the same number of
particles.
Metric System K o
C
English System o
R o
F
Standard Pressures
1 atm
760 mm Hg
101,325 Pa (SI unit)
101.3 kPa
29.92 in Hg
14.7 psi
1.01 bars
PV = nRT
PV
R=
nT
= 0.082057 L atm mol-1 K-1
= 8.3145 m3 Pa mol-1 K-1
= 8.3145 J mol-1 K-1
Boyle’s law: V α 1 (at constant n and T)
P
Charles’ law: V α T (at constant n and P)
Avogadro’s law: V α n (at constant P and T)
nT
Vα
P
nT nT
V = constant x =R R is the gas constant
P P
PV = nRT
5.4
Isobaric - constant pressure
Isothermal - constant temperature
Isochoric - constant volume
Isopycnic - constant density
Isosteric - constant specific volume
P1V1 P2V2
= (at constant n)
T1 T2
True (1) or False(2)
nART
PA = nA is the number of moles of A
V
nBRT nB is the number of moles of B
PB =
V
nA nB
PT = PA + PB XA = XB =
nA + nB nA + nB
PA = XA PT PB = XB PT
ni
Pi = Xi PT mole fraction (Xi) =
nT
5.6
The % of gases in air Partial pressure (STP)
78.08% N2 593.4 mmHg
0.116
Xpropane = = 0.0132
8.24 + 0.421 + 0.116