SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

CHAPTER 3
Solid Waste Management

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU LECTURE BY: NAZAITULSHILA RASIT

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TKA 4201 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT Eng. Science Dept, Faculty Science & Technology
 Raw Materials
Raw Materials, Products,
and recovered materials

Secondary
Manufacturing

Final Disposal
Waste materials
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 Mass balance: ______________________
Reduction in the usage of raw materials.
Input and output _______________________.
Reducing the quantity of municipal and industrial
waste.
Depends on national policy of country and world
economy.

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU LECTURE BY: NAZAITULSHILA RASIT

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TKA 4201 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT Eng. Science Dept, Faculty Science & Technology
 The amount of material used in the manufacture
of a product ________________________.
The useful life of a product __________________________.
The amount of materials used for packaging and
marketing of consumer goods can be reduced

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU LECTURE BY: NAZAITULSHILA RASIT

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TKA 4201 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT Eng. Science Dept, Faculty Science & Technology
 Occur in those situations where a product has
utility in _________ than ______ application.
Example; Paper bag, container, newspaper.
Minimization on the generation of solid waste.

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU LECTURE BY: NAZAITULSHILA RASIT

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TKA 4201 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT Eng. Science Dept, Faculty Science & Technology
 A number of materials present in municipal and
industrial solid wastes are suitable for recovery
and reuse.
Paper, cardboard, plastics, glass are the most
likely candidates.
3R – _____________________________________________________

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU LECTURE BY: NAZAITULSHILA RASIT

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TKA 4201 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT Eng. Science Dept, Faculty Science & Technology
 Using things that have been used to make new
things.

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU LECTURE BY: NAZAITULSHILA RASIT

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TKA 4201 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT Eng. Science Dept, Faculty Science & Technology
 1. ____________________
To find suitable sites for landfills, pollution, hygiene and
other issues must be considered;
Most available land left in the country is not suitable at
all.
2. ____________________
Most land areas in our country are water catchments
areas.
Toxic leachate from decomposing waste will pollute our
water supplies.
3.   ___________________
Natural decomposition - methane gas and sulphur.
Foul smell, air pollution and global warming.
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU LECTURE BY: NAZAITULSHILA RASIT
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TKA 4201 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT Eng. Science Dept, Faculty Science & Technology
 4. _____________________
Exposure to diseases.
Rats, flies and cockroaches – vectors and vermin.

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU LECTURE BY: NAZAITULSHILA RASIT

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TKA 4201 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT Eng. Science Dept, Faculty Science & Technology
 Reduces ____________ and ________________.
Aluminum can from recycled metal takes only 5
percent of the total energy needed to produce the
same aluminum can from virgin materials, a 95
percent energy savings.
Recycled paper and paperboard require 75 percent
less energy to produce than new products
(cheaper in the long run compared to maintaining
landfills).

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU LECTURE BY: NAZAITULSHILA RASIT

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TKA 4201 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT Eng. Science Dept, Faculty Science & Technology
 Less rubbish to disposed.
Creates up to 5 times more jobs than waste
disposal alone.
Improves cleanliness and quality of life.
For every ton of newspaper recycled, 7 fewer kg
(16 lb) of air pollutants are pumped into the
atmosphere.

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU LECTURE BY: NAZAITULSHILA RASIT

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TKA 4201 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT Eng. Science Dept, Faculty Science & Technology
 Half of garbage – recyclable (30% Papers/ newspapers).
Within one month (Malaysia):
43,000 tonnes – plastics
57,000 tonnes– papers
8,000 tonnes – glass
We recycle: 0.006 – 3.74 % of total recyclable SW.

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU LECTURE BY: NAZAITULSHILA RASIT

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TKA 4201 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT Eng. Science Dept, Faculty Science & Technology
 MATERIAL Incentives (RM/Kg)

NEWSPAPER, MAGAZINES 0.15

CARDBOARD, BOXES 0.10

COMPUTER PAPER 0.20

MIXED PAPER, BOOKS, COMICS 0.10

ALUMINIUM CANS 1.80

STEEL/TIN CANS 0.10

GLASS BOTTLES, JARS 0.05

PET BOTTLES 0.10

MIXED PLASTICS 0.10

(Alam Flora)
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU LECTURE BY: NAZAITULSHILA RASIT
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TKA 4201 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT Eng. Science Dept, Faculty Science & Technology
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1. Rolston, Clyde P. (1997) “Correlates of Environmental
Behavior and The Relative Importance of Environmental
Attributes in Consumer Decision-Making”.
PhD Thesis. Univ. of Florida.
Results: Only religiosity but weak correlation with
environmental concerns. Age and income – not
significant.

2. Park,Soonae (1998) “Attitudes toward waste management

and environmental policies in Washtenaw County, Wisconsin .”
PhD Thesis. Univ. of Michigan.
Attitudes explained the most willingness to vote for
ecological party but the least on recycling behavior.

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU LECTURE BY: NAZAITULSHILA RASIT

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TKA 4201 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT Eng. Science Dept, Faculty Science & Technology
3.Harper, Kimberly Michelle (1998) “Middle-income African-
Americans and household hazardous Waste Management:
Designing Messages for Adult Environmental Education
(Florida)”. PhD Thesis
Result: High level of concern, but low participation in
household hazardous waste management.

4. Hicks, Basha Vianne (1986) “Environmental Perception

Studies of Andean Peasants (Venezuelan Andes)for Educational
and Development Planning. Univ.of Massachussetts.
Studies environmental perceptions variables to identify
planning and design considerations.

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TKA 4201 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT Eng. Science Dept, Faculty Science & Technology
5. Jurin, Richard R. (1995) “College students’ environmental
belief and value structures, and relationship of these
structures to reported environmental behavior”.
Ohio State University: PhD Thesis
Result: Environmental awareness does not lead to recycling
behavior.

6. Wagenet, Linda P. (1997) “Impact of a Focused

Environmental Education Program on Adults and Study of
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors in the New York City
Watersheds”. PhD Thesis
Education plays a major role.

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TKA 4201 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT Eng. Science Dept, Faculty Science & Technology
 Recycling Practices in Asian Countries
Recycling practices in Asian countries - are lagging
behind when compared to recycling practices in
Western countries.
Lack of awareness among its citizens and couldn’t care
less attitude predominant among the Asians.
The technology owned by Asian countries that is
required for recycling process is in need of much
improvement and needless to say it is a capital intensive
venture.
Singapore and Japan - laudable progress in recycling
practices.

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TKA 4201 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT Eng. Science Dept, Faculty Science & Technology
 Recycling Practices in Asian Countries
China (2000)
NO practice of separate collection of recyclable materials.
Landfilling is the dominant method of disposal of SW.
Landfilling accounts for 96.9%, composting 1.3% and
incineration 1.8% of MSW.

Taiwan (2000)
The amount of waste that is recycled 15.56%.
Reduction by incineration 43.6% and final landfill disposal
40.20% and the rest 0.62% is storage and dumping.
Implementation of “Zero waste” policy.

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TKA 4201 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT Eng. Science Dept, Faculty Science & Technology
 Waste Generation and Recycling Rates in Japan
In 2001, Japan passed a law “take back” law that
“requiring retailers and manufacturers to take back used air
conditioners, televisions, washing machines and
refrigerators”.
Under the new law, consumers must initiate the transfer of
their used appliances to the take-back sites and pay
additional collection and recycling fees to retailers.
Retailers then must pay manufacturers to recycle the
appliances and to ensure that future products are made
from more recycle-friendly materials.

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TKA 4201 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT Eng. Science Dept, Faculty Science & Technology
 Waste Generation and Recycling Rates in Japan
Establish The Japan Containers and Packaging Recycling
Association (JCPRA) under Containers and Packaging
Recycling Law (June 1995).

JCPRA collect the waste containers and wrapping that

conform to the sorting standards from municipalities.

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU LECTURE BY: NAZAITULSHILA RASIT

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TKA 4201 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT Eng. Science Dept, Faculty Science & Technology
 Waste Generation and Recycling Rates in Japan
Consumer discarding sorting recyclable materials (follow
guideline)  the municipalities collect the waste and send
to JCPRA.
Entrusts recycler to collect the waste containers and
wrapping that conform to the standard.
The recyclers are authorized to sell the recycled materials
to JCPRA.
Recycling fees are paid to recyclers after it has been
confirmed that the recycled materials have been sold to the
users of these goods.

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU LECTURE BY: NAZAITULSHILA RASIT

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TKA 4201 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT Eng. Science Dept, Faculty Science & Technology
 Waste Generation and Recycling Rates in Singapore
The building of incineration plants - S$1 billion / operating
costs per year is S$50.4 million - expected to rise
continuously.
Over 90% of the waste that requires disposal is burned in
waste- to-energy (WTE) facilities equipped with energy
recovery.
The ash is buried in an offshore landfill 23 km from the
mainland - more expensive to construct than a typical
landfill.

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU LECTURE BY: NAZAITULSHILA RASIT

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TKA 4201 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT Eng. Science Dept, Faculty Science & Technology
 Waste Generation and Recycling Rates in Singapore
The Pulau Semakau offshore landfill cost - S$840 million.  
Overall recycling rate - 40%, while recycling of domestic
waste, including household and commercial waste - 17%.
High recycling rate - industrial and institutional wastes,
include paper and scrap materials such as steel.

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TKA 4201 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT Eng. Science Dept, Faculty Science & Technology
 The end

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TKA 4201 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT Eng. Science Dept, Faculty Science & Technology