Gd&t-Multi Metrics

GD&TFundamentals
andpotentialAutomationin
CAD/CAM/CAI
TM
ASmartGD&TWorkshop
by
BillTandler
Spatial3DInsidersSummit
Boulder2008
SmartGD&T
WorkshopOverview
1.
WhatisGD&T?
2.
ThePerfectImaginaryWorldofGD&T
3.
AGD&TEncodedPart
4.
GD&TDesign,Mfg.&MetrologyConnections
5.
TheAnatomyofaFeatureControlFrame
6.
FeatureControlFrameDecoding
7.
TheDatumReferenceFrameEstablishmentProcess
$
$
WhatisGD&T?
ManypeoplethinkGD&Tis
ManypeoplethinkGD&Tis
Grim,Depressing&Troublesome
andafinewaytowastea
andafinewaytowastea
GreatDealofTime
OthersthinkGD&Tisthe
OthersthinkGD&Tisthe
GreatestDesignTool
ever!
Butinfact,
Butinfact,GD&T
istheonlytoolwehavefor
managingimperfectgeometry
Butinfact,GD&T
istheonlytoolwehavefor
managingimperfectgeometry
perfectly!
PurposeofGD&T
PurposeofGD&T
Mostpeoplewouldsay...
ThemainpurposeofGD&TistocommunicateDesign
intentunambiguouslytomanufacturingandinspection.
PurposeofGD&T
butinfact...
TheprimarypurposeofGD&T,istoensurethatwhatwe
communicatetomanufacturingandinspectionisworth
communicating,namelyrepresentsfunctional,assemblable
parts.
Or,ingreaterdetail...
GD&Tisasymboliclanguagefor
1. researching
1. researching
2. refiningand
1. researching
2. refiningand
3. encoding
thefunctionofeachfeatureofapartinDesign,
1. researching
2. refiningand
3. encoding
inorderthroughdecodingto
1. researching
2. refiningand
3. encoding
1. guaranteeassemblabilityandoperability
priortodrawingrelease
1. researching
2. refiningand
3. encoding
2. setreducecostandsetpreciseobjectives
formanufacturing,and
1. researching
2. refiningand
3. encoding
2. setreducecostandsetpreciseobjectives
formanufacturing,and
3. turninspectionandmanufacturingprocess
feedbackintotrulyscientificprocesses
Infact,
withoutGD&T
Infact,
withoutGD&T
1. ReliableToleranceStackUpAnalysisis
impossible...
Infact,
withoutGD&T
impossible...
2. Manufacturingisaguessinggamebasedon
tribalunderstandings...
Infact,
withoutGD&T
impossible...
2. Manufacturingisaguessinggamebasedon
tribalunderstandings...
3. Allinspectionispureinventiononthepartof
theinspector.
Aquestion...
Didyounoticetheuseofthewords
encodinganddecoding
Anotherquestion...
Haveyoueveraskedtwoorthreecolleaguesforhelp
interpreting
GD&T?
interpreting
GD&T?
...andgottentwoorthree
interpreting
GD&T?
...andgottentwoorthree
differentinterpretations
SurelyifGD&Tisusedtodecorate
drawingsforlater
interpretation
drawingsforlater
interpretation
itisuseless!
drawingsforlater
interpretation
itisuseless!
andbecausemachineshopsknowthatmostGD&Tis
purelydecorative,theyhavetochargemoretocover
thecostofensuringthattheirinterpretationsarein
linewiththoseoftheircustomers.
Nowforsomeinsightsinto
Nowforsomeinsightsinto
TheSimplicity
but
UselessnessofCD&T
(ClassicalDimensioning&Tolerancing)
TheClassicaltoolkit
consistsofonlyonetool,namelythe
tolerancednominaldimension
501
Butisonetoolenough?
200.2
300.2
180.1
450.5
150.1
250.1
451
16.50.2
300.5
251
450.1
450.1
1400.5
TechnicalDisadvantagesofClassicalTolerancing
Althoughperfectlycapableofcontrollingsize,theclassicalalternative...
200.2
300.2
180.1
450.5
150.1
250.1
451
16.50.2
300.5
251
450.1
450.1
1400.5
TechnicalDisadvantagesofClassicalTolerancing
Althoughperfectlycapableofcontrollingsize,theclassicalalternative...
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
doesnotclearlydefinecoordinatesystems,
doesnotdifferentiatebetweenreferenceandcontrolledfeatures,
controlsthelocationofboreswithsquareinsteadofroundtolerancezones,
providesnomeansoflinkinglocationtolerancestofeaturesize,
providesnomeansforcontrollingcompoundcurvedsurfaces,
providesnomeansformanagingfeatureform,
providesnomeansforresearchingandrefiningpartfunctionality,and
providesnomeansforguaranteeingtheassemblabilityofmatingparts.
200.2
300.2
180.1
450.5
150.1
250.1
451
16.50.2
300.5
251
450.1
450.1
1400.5
Asaresult...
ClassicalTolerancingleavesusbeholdento
TribalUnderstandings
&
Interpretation
HowdoesGD&Tcompare?
TheFrustrations
and
PowerofGD&T
(GeometricDimensioning&Tolerancing)
GD&TFrustrations
1. GD&TisComplex.
2. GD&TisSporadicallyused.
3. GD&Tisoftenusedtodecorate
drawings,ratherthanencodefunction.
4. GD&Tisofteninterpretedratherthan
decoded.
GD&TOpportunities
1. GD&Tencouragesfaulttolerantdesignsand
canguaranteeassemblability.
2. GD&TreducesMfg.costthrough
unambiguouscommunicationandlooser
tolerances.
3. GD&Tturns3DMetrologyintoareliable,
scientificprocessforthefirsttime.
TheGD&Ttoolkit
45
A
40
B
A
25
18
TheGD&Ttoolkit
GeometryControlTools
45
A
40
B
A
25
18
TheGD&Ttoolkit
FeatureControlFrames
45
A
40
B
A
25
18
TheGD&Ttoolkit
BasicDimensions,and
45
A
40
B
A
25
18
TheGD&Ttoolkit
BasicDimensions,and
DatumFeatureLabels
45
A
40
B
A
25
18
TechnicalAdvantagesofGD&T
GD&Tisperfectlycapableofcontrollingsize,and...
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
clearlydefinescoordinatesystems,
clearlydifferentiatesbetweenreferenceandcontrolledfeatures,
controlsthelocationofboreswithcylindricaltolerancezones,
linkslocationtolerancestofeaturesizeusing(M)and(L)Modifiers
providespowerfultoolsforcontrollingcompoundcurvedsurfaces,
providespowerfultoolsformanagingfeatureform,
providespowerfulmeansforresearchingandrefiningpartfunctionality,and
throughtolerancestackupanalysis,makesitpossibletoguaranteeassemblability.
45
A
15
45
25
30
25
ALL O VER
45
45
25
Asaresult...
GD&Tliberatesusfrom
TribalUnderstandings
&
Interpretation
Nowforsome
Fundamental
GD&TConcepts
Letstakeacloserlookat
ThePerfect
ImaginaryWorld
ofGD&T
1. ToleranceZones
Boundedregionsofspacewithin
whichaparticularcomponentofa
featureisrequiredtolie.
1. ToleranceZones
1. ToleranceZones
Tubelike
1. ToleranceZones
Tubelike
Cylindrical
1. ToleranceZones
Tubelike
Cylindrical
Slablike
1. ToleranceZones
2. ToleranceValues
Thesizesoftolerancezones.
Tubelike
Cylindrical
Slablike
1. ToleranceZones
2. ToleranceValues
Tubelike
WallThickness
Cylindrical
Slablike
1. ToleranceZones
2. ToleranceValues
Tubelike
WallThickness
Cylindrical
Diameter
Slablike
1. ToleranceZones
2. ToleranceValues
Tubelike
WallThickness
Cylindrical
Diameter
Slablike
Width
1. ToleranceZones
2. ToleranceValues
3. DatumsPerfectimaginary
referencepoints,linesandplanes.
Tubelike
WallThickness
Cylindrical
Diameter
Slablike
Width
1. ToleranceZones
2. ToleranceValues
3. DatumsPerfectimaginary
referencepoints,linesandplanes.
Tubelike
WallThickness
Cylindrical
Diameter
Slablike
Width
1. ToleranceZones
2. ToleranceValues
3. Datums
Referencepoints,linesandplanes.
4. CoordinateSystems
Framesofreferencefororientingand
locatingtolerancezones.
Tubelike
WallThickness
Cylindrical
Diameter
Slablike
Width
1. ToleranceZones
Tubelike
WallThickness
2. ToleranceValues
Slablike
Width
3. Datums
Cylindrical
Diameter
Z
Y
1. ToleranceZones
Tubelike
WallThickness
2. ToleranceValues
Cylindrical
Diameter
Slablike
Width
3. Datums
5. BasicDimensions
Toolsfororientingandlocating
tolerancezones.
Z
Y
1. ToleranceZones
Tubelike
WallThickness
Cylindrical
Diameter
2. ToleranceValues
Slablike
Width
3. Datums
5. BasicDimensions
tolerancezones.
Z
Y
50
70
1. ToleranceZones
Tubelike
WallThickness
Cylindrical
Diameter
2. ToleranceValues
Slablike
Width
3. Datums
5. BasicDimensions
tolerancezones.
6. AsymbolicLanguage
SetsofGeometryControlToolsfor
imposingtheperfectimaginaryworld
ontheimperfectrealworld.
Z
Y
50
70
1. ToleranceZones
Tubelike
WallThickness
Cylindrical
Diameter
2. ToleranceValues
Slablike
Width
3. Datums
5. BasicDimensions
tolerancezones.
6. AsymbolicLanguage
SetsofGeometryControlToolsfor
imposingtheperfectimaginaryworld
ontheimperfectrealworld.
Z
Y
50
DiameterTool
PositionTool
CylindricityTool
70
Nowletsputitallto
work...
HeresapartiallyGD&Tencodeddrawing,...
50
50
25
DatumFeatureLabels
50
50
25
DatumFeatureLabels
identifythefunctionallymost
importantfeaturesofapart.
50
50
25
50
50
25
50
50
25
controlthesize,form,orientationand
locationofpartfeatures
50
50
25
specifytolerancezonesand
coordinatesystems
50
50
25
coordinatesystems
50
50
25
InParticular
coordinatesystems
50
50
25
InParticular
ToleranceZoneShape
coordinatesystems
50
50
25
InParticular
ToleranceZoneShape
ToleranceZoneSize
coordinatesystems
50
50
25
InParticular
ToleranceZoneShape
ToleranceZoneSize
CoordinateSystem
EstablishmentInstructions
50
50
25
BasicDimensions
50
50
25
BasicDimensions
locatetolerancezones
...andherestheactualpart,...
50
25
50
...andherearetheGD&TdefinedToleranceZones!
Z(A,B,C)
50
25
50
X(A,B,C)
Y(A,B,C)
50
25
50
Z(A,B,C)
50
25
50
X(A,B,C)
Y(A,B,C)
50
Aslablike
Flatness
ToleranceZone
25
50
Z(A,B,C)
50
25
50
X(A,B,C)
Y(A,B,C)
Aslablike
Perpendicularity
ToleranceZone
50
25
50
Atubelike
Diameter
ToleranceZone
Z(A,B,C)
50
25
50
X(A,B,C)
Y(A,B,C)
50
25
50
Z(A,B,C)
50
25
50
X(A,B,C)
Y(A,B,C)
Acylindrical
Position
ToleranceZone
50
25
50
Nowaquickoverviewof
TheGD&TDesignConnection
Nowaquickoverviewof
TheGD&TDesignConnection
ImportantConcepts&Processes
1.
Encouragesaggressivefeaturefunctionanalysis
2.
Encouragesfaulttolerantdesign
3.
SupportstrulyFunctionalDatumFeatureselection
4.
RequireseffectiveGeometryControlToolselection
5.
EncouragesbalancedTolerancevalueselectiontoguarantee
Operability,Assemblability&Manufacturability
6.
PermitstrulyfunctionalToleranceStackUpAnalysis
(TSUPA)toguaranteefunctionalitypriortomodelrelease
Nowaquickoverviewof
TheGD&TManufacturingConnection
Nowaquickoverviewof
TheGD&TManufacturingConnection
1.
Enablesreliablemanufacturingprocessplanningthroughunique
FeatureControlFramedecoding
2.
PermitsaggressiveDesignfeedbackonquestionablecallouts
3.
RequiresreligioususeofspecifiedDatumFeatureswhere
possible
4.
AllowsuseofTemporaryDatumFeatureswherenecessary
5.
Enablesscientificmanufacturingprocessqualityassessment
Nowaquickoverviewof
TheGD&TMetrologyConnection
Nowaquickoverviewof
TheGD&TMetrologyConnection
1.
CompletelydefinesCMMbasedinspectionprocessesthrough
potentiallyfullyautomatedFeatureControlFramedecoding
2.
EssentiallyautomatesFunctionalGagedesign
3.
Requiresadequaterawdatapointclouddensities
4.
Requiresadequaterawdataaccuracyatleast20Xthe
tightesttolerancevalue
5.
PermitsfullyautomatedRulebasedDatumReferenceFrame
establishment
6.
Enablesstrict,RulebasedActualValueprocessing
ClearlyFunctionalGD&Tisessentialforreliable
manufacturingandmetrologyprocesses
Clearly
badGD&T
isnothingbuttrouble!
PrimaryFocusesinthispresentation:
PrimaryFocusesinthispresentation:
1.
FeatureControlFrameAnatomy
2.
MaterialConditionModifierclarifications
3.
FeatureControlFramedecoding
4.
DatumFeature,DatumFeatureSimulatorandDatum
definitions
5.
RulesforDatumFeatureSimulationandDatum
ReferenceFrameestablishment
6.
TheDatumReferenceFrameestablishmentProcess.
Letsstartwiththe
Anatomy
ofa
FeatureControlFrame
FeatureControlFrameshavethreemajorcompartments
0.5 M A B S C M
FeatureControlFrameshavethreemajorcompartments
0.5 M A B S C M
1.Specifiesthe
GeometryControlTool
0.5 M A B S C M
1.Specifiesthe
GeometryControlTool
2.Specifiesthe
ToleranceZone
0.5 M A B S C M
1.Specifiesthe
GeometryControlTool
3.SpecifiestheDatumReference
FrameEstablishmentProcess
2.Specifiesthe
ToleranceZone
0.5 M A B S C M
1.Specifiesthe
GeometryControlTool
2.Specifiesthe
ToleranceZone
0.5 M A B S C M
ToleranceZoneShape
1.Specifiesthe
GeometryControlTool
2.Specifiesthe
ToleranceZone
0.5 M A B S C M
ToleranceZoneShape
ToleranceZoneSize
1.Specifiesthe
GeometryControlTool
2.Specifiesthe
ToleranceZone
0.5 M A B S C M
ToleranceZoneShape
ToleranceZoneSize
ToleranceZoneSizeModifier
1.Specifiesthe
GeometryControlTool
2.Specifiesthe
ToleranceZone
0.5 M A B S C M
ToleranceZoneShape
ToleranceZoneSize
Primary
DatumFeature
1.Specifiesthe
GeometryControlTool
2.Specifiesthe
ToleranceZone
0.5 M A B S C M
ToleranceZoneShape
ToleranceZoneSize
Primary
DatumFeature
Secondary
DatumFeature
1.Specifiesthe
GeometryControlTool
2.Specifiesthe
ToleranceZone
0.5 M A B S C M
ToleranceZoneShape
ToleranceZoneSize
Primary
DatumFeature
Secondary
DatumFeature
Tertiary
DatumFeature
1.Specifiesthe
GeometryControlTool
2.Specifiesthe
ToleranceZone
0.5 M A B S C M
ToleranceZoneShape
ToleranceZoneSize
ToleranceZoneMobilityModifiers
Primary
DatumFeature
Secondary
DatumFeature
Tertiary
DatumFeature
MaterialConditionModifierEffects
ToleranceZoneSize
Modifiers 251
0.5 M A B S C M
ToleranceZoneSize
Modifiers 251
0.5 M A B S C M
ImpactontheToleranceZone
TheEncodedFunction
ToleranceZoneSize
Modifiers 251
0.5 M A B S C M
M
Moretolerance
TheEncodedFunction
ToleranceZoneSize
Modifiers 251
0.5 M A B S C M
M
Moretolerance
TheEncodedFunction
Clearance
ToleranceZoneSize
Modifiers 251
0.5 M A B S C M
M
Moretolerance
Lotsoftolerance
TheEncodedFunction
Clearance
ToleranceZoneSize
Modifiers 251
0.5 M A B S C M
TheEncodedFunction
Moretolerance
Clearance
Lotsoftolerance
Interference/Overlap
ToleranceZoneSize
Modifiers 251
0.5 M A B S C M
TheEncodedFunction
Moretolerance
Clearance
Lotsoftolerance
Stuckat0.5mm
ToleranceZoneSize
Modifiers 251
0.5 M A B S C M
TheEncodedFunction
Moretolerance
Clearance
Lotsoftolerance
Stuckat0.5mm
Centering/Aiming
ToleranceZoneSize
Modifiers 251
0.5 M A B S C M
ImpactonManufacturing
ToleranceZoneSize
Modifiers 251
0.5 M A B S C M
EncouragespushingfeaturestowardtheirLMC!
ToleranceZoneSize
Modifiers 251
0.5 M A B S C M
EncouragespushingfeaturestowardtheirMMC!
ToleranceZoneSize
Modifiers 251
0.5 M A B S C M
EncouragespushingfeaturestowardtheirMMC!
Encourageskeepingfeaturesattheirmeansizes!
ToleranceZoneSize
Modifiers 251
0.5 M A B S C M
ImpactonCoordinateMetrology
ToleranceZoneSize
Modifiers 251
0.5 M A B S C M
Requiresdeterminingtheunconstrained,inspace
actualmatingsizeofafeaturetoexpandtheTolZone
ToleranceZoneSize
Modifiers 251
0.5 M A B S C M
M
L
Requiresdeterminingtheunconstrained,inmaterial
ToleranceZoneSize
Modifiers 251
0.5 M A B S C M
M
L
S
Requiresdeterminingtheunconstrained,inmaterial
Easytoimplement,becausethereisnothingtodo!
ToleranceZoneMobility
Modifiers
251
0.5 M A B S C M
Modifiers
251
0.5 M A B S C M
ImpactontheDRF&ToleranceZone
TheEncodedFunction
Modifiers
251
0.5 M A B S C M
M
Mobilizesthetolerancezone
TheEncodedFunction
Modifiers
251
0.5 M A B S C M
M
TheEncodedFunction
MatingPartplaydueto
inspaceclearance
Modifiers
251
0.5 M A B S C M
M
TheEncodedFunction
MatingPartplaydueto
inspaceclearance
Thiswillbedemonstratedinthe
applicationattheendoftheworkshop!
Modifiers
251
0.5 M A B S C M
M
Loosensthetolerancezone
TheEncodedFunction
MatingPartplaydueto
inspaceclearance
Modifiers
251
0.5 M A B S C M
TheEncodedFunction
MatingPartplaydueto
inspaceclearance
MatingPartplaydue
toinmaterialoverlap
Modifiers
251
0.5 M A B S C M
TheEncodedFunction
MatingPartplaydueto
inspaceclearance
MatingPartplaydue
toinmaterialoverlap
Stabilizesthetolerancezone
Modifiers
251
0.5 M A B S C M
TheEncodedFunction
MatingPartplaydueto
inspaceclearance
MatingPartplaydue
toinmaterialoverlap
Stabilizesthetolerancezone
MatingPartcentering
Modifiers
251
0.5 M A B S C M
ImpactontheDatumFeatureSimulators
Modifiers
251
0.5 M A B S C M
FixesthesizeoftheSimulatoratthe
M
VirtualMaximumMaterialBoundary
Modifiers
251
0.5 M A B S C M
M
M
L
VirtualLeastMaterialBoundary
Modifiers
251
0.5 M A B S C M
M
M
L
S RequirestheSimulatortoexpandor
VirtualLeastMaterialBoundary
contracttoconsumealltheavailablespace
Modifiers
251
0.5 M A B S C M
Modifiers
251
0.5 M A B S C M
M
EncouragespushingDatumFeaturestowardtheir
LMC.MshouldalwaysbetreatedasSforsetup
Modifiers
251
0.5 M A B S C M
M
L
MMC.LshouldalwaysbetreatedasSforsetup
Modifiers
251
0.5 M A B S C M
M
L
S
LMC.LshouldalwaysbetreatedasSforsetup
EncourageskeepingDatumFeaturesattheirmeansizes
Modifiers
251
0.5 M A B S C M
Modifiers
251
0.5 M A B S C M
M
L
PresentsignificantproblemsforCMM
softwareandraisethespecterofthe
RuleofSimultaneousRequirements!
&
Modifiers
251
0.5 M A B S C M
M
L
PresentsignificantproblemsforCMM
softwareandraisethespecterofthe
RuleofSimultaneousRequirements!
&
Easytoimplement,becausethereisnothingtodo!
Heresaninterestingquestion!
Whatsthedifferencebetweenthesetwo
FeatureControlFrameTypes?
Compound
Composite
Compound
Composite
Itshugeandverysimple:
Compound
Composite
Thedifferencesaredescribedonpp.93133inthe
ASMEY14.5M1994Standard...
Compound
Composite
Thedifferencesaredescribedonpp.93133inthe
ASMEY14.5M1994Standard...
...butcanbecondensedinto
TheRuleof
CompositeFeatureControlFrames
Compound
Composite
TheRuleof
CompositeFeatureControlFrames
Compound
Composite
TheDatumFeaturesinthesecondandalllower
tiersofaCompositeFeatureControlFramemay
onlyconstrainrotationaldegreesoffreedom!
(Y14.5M1994pp.93133)
Nowwellillustratetheprocessof
DecodingGD&T
Butfirstletsdothe
QuickRead
ReadingtheFeatureControlFrame.
Position
Positionwithinadiameterof0.5mm
Positionwithinadiameterof0.5mmatMMC
Positionwithinadiameterof0.5mmatMMCrelativetoA
Positionwithinadiameterof0.5mmatMMCrelativetoA,B
regardlessoffeaturesize,
regardlessoffeaturesize,andC
regardlessoffeaturesize,andCatMaximumMaterialCondition.
Now,lets
Decode
it!
DecodingtheFeatureControlFrame.
Positionrequires
PositionrequirestheboundedaxisoftheConsideredFeature
PositionrequirestheboundedaxisoftheConsideredFeaturetoliewithinacylindrical
tolerancezone
tolerancezoneofdiameter0.5mm
tolerancezoneofdiameter0.5mmatMMC
tolerancezonediameterof0.5mmatMMCexpandingbyasmuchas1mm
tolerancezonediameterof0.5mmatMMCexpandingbyasmuchas1mmasthe
UnconstrainedActualMatingsizeoftheConsideredFeaturedepartsfromMMC
towardLMC
whichisorientedandlocatedbyBASICdimensions
whichisorientedandlocatedbyBASICdimensionsrelativetoaDatumReference
Frameestablishedusing
Y[A,B,C]
Y[A,B,C]
Z[A,B,C]
X[A,B,C]
Y[A,B,C]
Y[A,B,C]
Z[A,B,C]
X[A,B,C]
FrameestablishedusingDatumFeatureA,
Y[A,B,C]
Y[A,B,C]
Z[A,B,C]
X[A,B,C]
FrameestablishedusingDatumFeatureA,simulatedrocking,
Y[A,B,C]
Y[A,B,C]
Z[A,B,C]
X[A,B,C]
FrameestablishedusingDatumFeatureA,simulatedrocking,DatumFeatureB,
Y[A,B,C]
Y[A,B,C]
Z[A,B,C]
X[A,B,C]
simulatedstably,regardlessofitssize,
Y[A,B,C]
Y[A,B,C]
Z[A,B,C]
X[A,B,C]
simulatedstablyregardlessofitssize,andDatumFeatureC,
Y[A,B,C]
Y[A,B,C]
Z[A,B,C]
X[A,B,C]
simulatedstably,regardlessofitssize,andDatumFeatureC,simulatedmoblyat
itsVirtualMaximumMaterialConditionsize.
Gotit?
Onemoretime!
Positionrequires
PositionrequirestheboundedaxisoftheConsideredFeature
tolerancezone
tolerancezoneofdiameter0.5mm
tolerancezoneofdiameter0.5mmatMMC
tolerancezonediameterof0.5mmatMMCexpandingbyasmuchas1mm
tolerancezonediameterof0.5mmatMMCexpandingbyasmuchas1mmasthe
UnconstrainedActualMatingsizeoftheConsideredFeaturedepartsfromMMC
towardLMC
whichisorientedandlocatedbyBASICdimensions
Y[A,B,C]
Y[A,B,C]
Z[A,B,C]
X[A,B,C]
Y[A,B,C]
Y[A,B,C]
Z[A,B,C]
X[A,B,C]
FrameestablishedusingDatumFeatureA,
Y[A,B,C]
Y[A,B,C]
Z[A,B,C]
X[A,B,C]
FrameestablishedusingDatumFeatureA,simulatedrocking,
Y[A,B,C]
Y[A,B,C]
Z[A,B,C]
X[A,B,C]
Y[A,B,C]
Y[A,B,C]
Z[A,B,C]
X[A,B,C]
simulatedstably,regardlessofitssize,
Y[A,B,C]
Y[A,B,C]
Z[A,B,C]
X[A,B,C]
simulatedstablyregardlessofitssize,andDatumFeatureC,
Y[A,B,C]
Y[A,B,C]
Z[A,B,C]
X[A,B,C]
simulatedstably,regardlessofitssize,andDatumFeatureC,simulatedmoblyat
itsVirtualMaximumMaterialConditionsize.
Withdecodinginhand,werereadyto
investigatethe
DatumReferenceFrame
EstablishmentProcess
WellusetheindicatedDatumFeatures...
WellusetheindicatedDatumFeatures...
WellusetheindicatedDatumFeaturesandtheir
ToleranceZoneMobilityModifierstoestablish
thespecifiedDatumreferenceFrame!
Y[A,B,C]
Y[A,B,C]
Z[A,B,C]
X[A,B,C]
Y[A,B,C]
Y[A,B,C]
Z[A,B,C]
Anddiscoverhowthe
modifierMleadsto
X[A,B,C]
Y[A,B,C]
Y[A,B,C]
Z[A,B,C]
Anddiscoverhowthe
modifierMleadsto
X[A,B,C]
ToleranceZone
Mobility
FoundationsforestablishingaDatumReferenceFrame
Concepts
Concepts
1.
2.
3.
4.
DatumFeatures
DatumTargets
DatumFeatureSimulators
Datums
Concepts
1.
2.
3.
4.
Tools
DatumFeatures
DatumTargets
Datums
Concepts
1.
2.
3.
4.
Tools
DatumFeatures
DatumTargets
Datums
1. DatumFeatureLabels
2. ToleranceZoneMobilityModifiers
3. FeatureControlFrames
Concepts
1.
2.
3.
4.
Tools
Rules
DatumFeatures
DatumTargets
Datums
Concepts
1.
2.
3.
4.
Tools
Rules
DatumFeatures
DatumTargets
Datums
1. RulesofDatumFeatureSimulatorManagement
2. RulesofNaturalDatumReferenceFrameEstablishment
Concepts
1.
2.
3.
4.
Tools
Rules
DatumFeatures
DatumTargets
Datums
Details
DatumFeatures
Definition:
DatumFeatures
Definition:
DatumFeaturesarespeciallylabeled,imperfect,physicalsurfaces
ofrealparts,whichservetoconstraindegreesofrotationaland
translationalfreedomduringassemblyprocesses.
DatumFeatures
Definition:
40
B
A
25
AisaPlanarSurface
18
DatumFeatures
Definition:
BisaBore
40
B
A
25
AisaPlanarSurface
18
DatumFeatures
Definition:
BisaBore
40
B
A
25
AisaPlanarSurface
18
CisaSlot
DatumTargets
Definition:
DatumTargets
Definition:
DatumTargetsarelimitedportionsofDatumFeatures:
Points
Lines
LimitedAreas
whichencodethefactthatthematingDatumFeature,
assemblyormanufacturingfixture,willonlyengagethe
indicated,limitedportionsoftheDatumFeatureunder
consideration.
DatumTargets
S10
50
50
A1
S10
S10
A1
A2
A2
40
S10
40
A2
S10
A3
S10
DatumTargets
S10
50
50
A1
S10
S10
A1
A2
A2
40
S10
40
A2
S10
A3
PointDatumTargetsA1,A2andA3aretobe
simulatedbysphericalsimulatorsofdia.10mm
S10
Definition:
Definition:
DatumFeatureSimulatorsareconceptuallyperfect,or
physicallyalmostperfect,inverseDatumFeatures,
Definition:
1. fromwhichweextractDatums
Definition:
2. inwhichweestablishDatumReferenceFrames,and
Definition:
3. withwhichwetransferDatumReferenceFramesto
actualparts.
Definition:
actualparts.
Themachiningfixturesandgagesusedin
manufacturingandinspectionprocessesareexamples
ofphysicalDatumFeatureSimulators.
Definition:
actualparts.
MathematicalDatumFeatureSimulatorsare
constructedbyCoordinateMeasuringMachine
softwaresystemsduringDatumReferenceFrame
establishmentprocedures.
DatumFeatureSimulatorDetails
DatumFeatureA:aPlanarSurface
40
B
A
25
18
40
B
A
25
18
16
18
DatumFeatureSimulatorA:
aninversePlanarSurface
DatumTargetSimulatorDetails
S10
50
50
A1
S10
S10
A1
A2
A2
40
S10
40
A2
S10
A3
S10
PointDatumTargets
A1,A2andA3
S10
50
50
A1
S10
S10
A1
A2
S10
PointDatumTargets
A1,A2andA3
A2
40
S10
40
A2
16
S10
A3
18
DatumTargetSimulatorsA1,A2andA3:
ThreeToolingBalls
DatumFeatureB:aBore
40
B
A
25
18
DatumFeatureB:aBore
40
B
A
25
18
16
18
DatumFeatureSimulatorB:
anexpandingCylinder
DatumFeatureC:aSlot
40
B
A
25
18
DatumFeatureC:aSlot
DatumFeatureSimulatorC:
40
B
AfixedTombstone
A
25
18
16
18
Datums
Definition:
Datums
Definition:
Datumsaretheminimumsetofoneperfectimaginary
referencepoint,and/orstraightline,and/orplane,
whichtogether,fullycharacterizetheorientationand
locationofadatumfeaturesimulator.
DatumFeatureSimulators&Datums
Datum Feature Sim ulator
DFS + Datum
Datum
Degrees of Constraint C apability

Pitch Yaw R oll
Datum Type
Sphere
Point
Cylinder
Line
Planar Surf ace
Slab
Plane
Cone
Torus
Point
on-Line
W edge
Cyl. Pattern
Line
in-Plane
Note 1.
Compound Curv ed
S urf ac e
Point
on-Line
in-Plane
Rx
Ry
Rz
Translation
Tx
Ty
Tz
DatumDetails
DatumDetails
40
B
A
25
18
DatumDetails
40
B
A
25
18
DatumA:thetangentplaneon
DatumFeatureSimulatorA
DatumDetailsforDatumTargets
S10
50
50
A1
S10
S10
A1
A2
A2
DatumTargetsA1,A2andA3:
Points
40
S10
40
A2
S10
A3
S10
DatumDetailsforDatumTargets
S10
50
50
A1
S10
S10
A1
A2
A2
DatumTargetsA1,A2andA3:
Points
40
S10
40
A2
S10
A3
DatumA:thetangentplaneon
DatumTargetSimulatorsA1,A2andA3
S10
DatumDetails
40
B
A
25
18
DatumFeatureB:aBore
DatumDetails
40
B
A
25
DatumFeatureB:aBore
18
DatumB:theaxisof
DatumFeatureSimulatorB
DatumDetails
DatumFeatureC:aSlot
40
B
A
25
18
DatumDetails
DatumFeatureC:aSlot
40
B
A
25
18
DatumC:themidplaneof
DatumFeatureSimulatorC
Concepts
1.
2.
3.
4.
Tools
Rules
DatumFeatures
DatumTargets
Datums
Details
RulesofDatumFeatureSimulatorManagement
1.
Form:Allsimulatorsshallhaveperfectform.
1.
2.
Orientation:Allsimulatorsshallbeperfectlyorientedbytheir
associatedbasicangulardimensions.
1.
2.
3.
Location:Unlessotherwiseindicated,allsimulatorsshallbe
perfectlylocatedbytheirassociatedbasiclineardimensions.
1.
2.
3.
Location:Unlessotherwiseindicated,allsimulatorsshallbe
perfectlylocatedbytheirassociatedbasiclineardimensions.
4.
Size:SimulatorsreferencedRFSshallexpandorcontractto
consumeallthespaceavailableinoroutsidetheirassociated
DatumFeatures.SimulatorsreferencedatMMCorLMC
shallbefixedattheVirtualMMCorLMCsizeoftheir
associatedDatumFeatures.
RulesofNaturalDatumReferenceFrameEstablishment
1.
RuleofDatumFeaturePrecedence:DatumFeaturesshallbe
usedintheorderinwhichtheyappearintheFeatureControl
Frame,readingfromlefttoright.
1.
2.
RuleofDegreesofConstraintPrecedence:EachDatum
Featureshallfirstattempttoconstrainpitch&yaw,thenonly
roll,andonlythentranslationaldegreesoffreedom.
1.
2.
3.
RuleofNonOverride:NoDatumFeaturemayimpactdegrees
offreedomconstrainedbyhigherprecedenceDatumFeatures.
1.
2.
3.
RuleofNonOverride:NoDatumFeaturemayimpactdegrees
offreedomconstrainedbyhigherprecedenceDatumFeatures.
4.
CanMayMustRule:IfaDatumFeaturecanconstraina
degreeoffreedom,andalsomay,thenitmust.
Nowfor...
TheSixStep
DatumReferenceFrame
EstablishmentProcess
DatumReferenceFrame
EstablishmentProcessSteps
1.
DecodetheFeatureControlFrame
DatumReferenceFrame
1.
2.
IdentifytheDatumFeatures
DatumReferenceFrame
1.
2.
3.
ConstructtheDatumFeatureSimulators
DatumReferenceFrame
1.
2.
3.
4.
ExtracttheDatumsfromtheirSimulators
DatumReferenceFrame
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
UsetheDatumstoestablishtheDRFinthesimulatorsby
constrainingtherotationalandtranslationaldegreesoffreedom
ofastartercoordinatesystem
DatumReferenceFrame
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
UsetheDatumstoestablishtheDRFinthesimulatorsby
constrainingtherotationalandtranslationaldegreesoffreedom
ofastartercoordinatesystem
6.
MarrytheDatumFeaturestotheirsimulatorstotransferthe
DatumReferenceFrametotheactualpart.
TheSixStepDatumReferenceFrameEstablishmentProcess
Y (1 )
Y (1 )
40
Z( 1)
X( 1)
25
18
The Six Step Datum Reference Frame Establishment Process

Y (1 )
Y (1 )
40
Z( 1)
X( 1)
25
18
Step 1.
Decode the Feature Control Frame
What?
Onemoretime?
No!

Y (1 )
Y (1 )
40
Z( 1)
X( 1)
25
18
Step 2.
Identify the Datum
Features

Y (1 )
Y (1 )
40
Z( 1)
X( 1)
25
18
Step 2.
Identify the Datum
Features
Feature A: a planar surface

Y (1 )
Y (1 )
40
Z( 1)
X( 1)
25
18
Step 2.
Identify the Datum
Features
Feature B: a hollow cylinder

Y (1 )
Y (1 )
40
Z( 1)
X( 1)
25
18
Step 2.
Identify the Datum
Features
Feature B: a hollow cylinder
Feature C: a slot

Y[A,B,C]
Y[A,B,C]
40
B
A
C
X[A,B,C]
Z[A,B,C]
25
18
Step 3.
Construct the Datum Feature Simulators

Y[A,B,C]
Y[A,B,C]
40
B
A
C
X[A,B,C]
Z[A,B,C]
25
18
Step 3.
16
18

Y[A,B,C]
Y[A,B,C]
40
B
A
Step 3.
C
X[A,B,C]
Z[A,B,C]
25
18
16
Simulator A: a planar surface

18

Y[A,B,C]
Y[A,B,C]
40
B
A
Step 3.
C
X[A,B,C]
Z[A,B,C]
25
18
16

Simulator B: an expanding solid cylinder
18

Y[A,B,C]
Y[A,B,C]
40
B
A
Step 3.
C
X[A,B,C]
Z[A,B,C]
25
18
C
16

Simulator B: an expanding solid cylinder
Simulator C: a slab fixed in size at
the Virtual Maximum
Material Boundary of the
slot
18

Y[A,B,C]
Y[A,B,C]
40
B
A
C
X[A,B,C]
Z[A,B,C]
25
18
Step 4.
Extract the Datums from their
Simulators

Y[A,B,C]
Y[A,B,C]
40
B
A
Step 4.
C
X[A,B,C]
Z[A,B,C]
25
18
Extract the Datums from their Simulators
Datum A: the tangent plane on Simulator A

Y[A,B,C]
Y[A,B,C]
40
B
A
Step 4.
C
X[A,B,C]
Z[A,B,C]
25
18

Datum B: the axis of Simulator B

Y[A,B,C]
Y[A,B,C]
40
B
A
Step 4.
C
X[A,B,C]
Z[A,B,C]
25
18
C
Datum B: the axis of Simulator B
Datum C: the mid-plane of Simulator C

Y[A,B,C]
Y[A,B,C]
Step 5.
40
B
A
C
X[A,B,C]
Z[A,B,C]
25
18
Use the Datums to establish the DRF in

the Simulators by constraining a
starter coordinate system.

Y[A,B,C]
Y[A,B,C]
Step 5.
40
B
A
C
X[A,B,C]
Z[A,B,C]
25
18

the Simulators by constraining a starter
coordinate system.
Datum Set

Y[A,B,C]
Y[A,B,C]
Step 5.
40
B
A
C
X[A,B,C]
Z[A,B,C]
25
18

coordinate system.
Datum Set
Y
X
Starter Coordinate System

Y[A,B,C]
Y[A,B,C]
Step 5.
40
B
A
C
X[A,B,C]
Z[A,B,C]
25
18

coordinate system.
Datum A constrains Rx & Ry (pitch & yaw) plus Tz
Y
X

Y[A,B,C]
Y[A,B,C]
Step 5.
40
B
A
C
X[A,B,C]
Z[A,B,C]
25
18

coordinate system.
Y
X
Z[A]
Y[A]
X[A]

Y[A,B,C]
Y[A,B,C]
Step 5.
40
B
A
C
X[A,B,C]
Z[A,B,C]
25
18

coordinate system.

Datum B constrains Tx and Ty
Z
Y
B
X

Y[A,B,C]
Y[A,B,C]
Step 5.
40
B
A
C
X[A,B,C]
Z[A,B,C]
25
18

coordinate system.

Z[A,B]
Y[A,B]
Z
X[A,B]
Y
X

Y[A,B,C]
Y[A,B,C]
Step 5.
40
B
A
C
X[A,B,C]
Z[A,B,C]
25
18

coordinate system.

Z[A,B]
Datum C constrains Rz (roll)
Y[A,B]
X[A,B]

Y[A,B,C]
Y[A,B,C]
Step 5.
40
B
A
C
X[A,B,C]
Z[A,B,C]
25
18

coordinate system.

Z[A,B,C]
Datum C constrains Rz (roll)
Y[A,B,C]
C
X[A,B,C]

Y[A,B,C]
Step 6.
Y[A,B,C]
40
B
A
C
X[A,B,C]
Z[A,B,C]
25
18
Marry the Datum Features to their

simulators to transfer the DRF to the
actual part.

Y[A,B,C]
Step 6.
Y[A,B,C]
40
B
A

actual part.
C
X[A,B,C]
Z[A,B,C]
25
18
Z[A,B,C]
Y[A,B,C]
X[A,B,C]

Y[A,B,C]
Step 6.
Y[A,B,C]
40
B
A

actual part.
C
X[A,B,C]
Z[A,B,C]
25
18
Z[A,B,C]
DRF[A,B,C]...
Y[A,B,C]
may rock relative to

Datum Feature A.
X[A,B,C]

Y[A,B,C]
Step 6.
Y[A,B,C]
40
B
A

actual part.
C
X[A,B,C]
Z[A,B,C]
25
18
Z[A,B,C]
DRF[A,B,C]...
Y[A,B,C]

Datum Feature A.
UnlessDatumFeatureAis
representedbyDatumTargets...
X[A,B,C]

Y[A,B,C]
Step 6.
Y[A,B,C]
40
B
A

actual part.
C
X[A,B,C]
Z[A,B,C]
25
18
Z[A,B,C]
DRF[A,B,C]...
Y[A,B,C]

Datum Feature A.
UnlessDatumFeatureAis
representedbyDatumTargets...
...inwhichcaseDRF[A,B,C]
willbestablerelativetoDatum
FeatureA!
X[A,B,C]

Y[A,B,C]
Step 6.
Y[A,B,C]
40
B
A

actual part.
C
X[A,B,C]
Z[A,B,C]
25
18
Z[A,B,C]
DRF[A,B,C]...
Y[A,B,C]
willrockrelativeto
DatumFeatureA.
willbestablerelativeto
DatumFeatureB.
X[A,B,C]

Y[A,B,C]
Step 6.
Y[A,B,C]
40
B
A

actual part.
C
X[A,B,C]
Z[A,B,C]
25
18
Z[A,B,C]
DRF[A,B,C]...
Y[A,B,C]
willrockrelativeto
DatumFeatureA.
DatumFeatureB.
willbepartiallyrollmobile
relativetoDatum Feature C
X[A,B,C]

Y[A,B,C]
Y[A,B,C]
40
B
A
C
X[A,B,C]
Z[A,B,C]
25
18
DRF[A,B,C]...
willrockrelativetoDatum
FeatureA.
DatumFeatureB.
Why?

Y[A,B,C]
Y[A,B,C]
40
B
A
C
X[A,B,C]
Z[A,B,C]
25
18
DRF[A,B,C]...
FeatureA.
DatumFeatureB.
Because...
SimulatorCdoesnotconsumeallthe
spaceinsideDatumFeatureC!

Y[A,B,C]
Because...
Y[A,B,C]
40
B
A
C
X[A,B,C]
Z[A,B,C]
25
SimulatorCdoesnotconsumeallthe
spaceinsideDatumFeatureC!
18
Y[A,B,C]
40
DRF[A,B,C]...
FeatureA.
DatumFeatureB.
X[A,B,C]
25

Y[A,B,C]
And...
Y[A,B,C]
40
B
A
C
X[A,B,C]
Z[A,B,C]
25
18
Y[A,B,C]
40
DRF[A,B,C]...
FeatureA.
DatumFeatureB.
X[A,B,C]
25

Y[A,B,C]
And...
Y[A,B,C]
40
B
A
althoughtheConsideredFeatureseemstobeout
oftolerance...
C
X[A,B,C]
Z[A,B,C]
25
18
Y[A,B,C]
40
DRF[A,B,C]...
FeatureA.
DatumFeatureB.
X[A,B,C]
25

Y[A,B,C]
And...
Y[A,B,C]
40
B
A
oftolerance...
C
X[A,B,C]
Z[A,B,C]
25
18
Y[A,B,C]
40
DRF[A,B,C]...
FeatureA.
DatumFeatureB.
X[A,B,C]
25

Y[A,B,C]
And...
Y[A,B,C]
40
B
A
oftolerance...ifwerolltheDRF,whichalso
rollsthetolerancezone,...
C
X[A,B,C]
Z[A,B,C]
25
18
Y[A,B,C]
40
DRF[A,B,C]...
FeatureA.
DatumFeatureB.
X[A,B,C]
25

Y[A,B,C]
And...
Y[A,B,C]
40
B
A
C
X[A,B,C]
Z[A,B,C]
25
18
DRF[A,B,C]...
FeatureA.
DatumFeatureB.

Y[A,B,C]
And...
Y[A,B,C]
40
B
A
C
X[A,B,C]
Z[A,B,C]
25
18
Y[A,B,C]
40
DRF[A,B,C]...
FeatureA.
DatumFeatureB.
X[A,B,C]
25

Y[A,B,C]
And...
Y[A,B,C]
40
B
A
C
X[A,B,C]
Z[A,B,C]
25
18
DRF[A,B,C]...
FeatureA.
DatumFeatureB.

Y[A,B,C]
And...
Y[A,B,C]
40
B
A
C
X[A,B,C]
Z[A,B,C]
25
18
DRF[A,B,C]...
FeatureA.
DatumFeatureB.
rollsthetolerancezone,...theConsidered
Featurecomesintotolerance!
Thisisexactlywhatafunctionalgage
woulddo,andthereforeexactlywhat
CMMsoftwaredoesi.e.shoulddo
CMMsoftwaredoes
atleastonsunnydays!
CMMsoftwaredoes
atleastonsunnydays!
Andinreallysophisticatedsystems,
thewholeprocessisautomated!
ConcludingRemarks
ConcludingRemarks
WehavecomeheretodemonstratethatGD&T
canandmustonlybe
ConcludingRemarks
canandmustonlybe
encodedanddecoded
ConcludingRemarks
canandmustonlybe
encodedanddecoded
andthatmanyGD&Tprocessescanandshouldbe
ConcludingRemarks
canandmustonlybe
encodedanddecoded
andthatmanyGD&Tprocessescanandshouldbe
Automated!
Andsoitstimefor
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ThisisanexampleofthejustintimeGD&Ttutorials
whichmakeuptheOnLineTutor.
Thissegment
describesthesixth
andfinalstepin
theDatum
ReferenceFrame
Establishment
Process.
SmartGD&TOn-Line Tutor
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GD&TFundamentals

Degrees of Constraint C apability

Planar Surf ace

The Six Step Datum Reference Frame Establishment Process

The Six Step Datum Reference Frame Establishment Process

The Six Step Datum Reference Frame Establishment Process

The Six Step Datum Reference Frame Establishment Process

The Six Step Datum Reference Frame Establishment Process

The Six Step Datum Reference Frame Establishment Process

The Six Step Datum Reference Frame Establishment Process

The Six Step Datum Reference Frame Establishment Process

The Six Step Datum Reference Frame Establishment Process

Construct the Datum Feature Simulators

Simulator A: a planar surface

The Six Step Datum Reference Frame Establishment Process

Construct the Datum Feature Simulators

Simulator A: a planar surface

The Six Step Datum Reference Frame Establishment Process

Construct the Datum Feature Simulators

Simulator A: a planar surface

The Six Step Datum Reference Frame Establishment Process

The Six Step Datum Reference Frame Establishment Process

Extract the Datums from their Simulators

Datum A: the tangent plane on Simulator A

The Six Step Datum Reference Frame Establishment Process

Extract the Datums from their Simulators

Datum A: the tangent plane on Simulator A

The Six Step Datum Reference Frame Establishment Process

Extract the Datums from their Simulators

The Six Step Datum Reference Frame Establishment Process

Use the Datums to establish the DRF in

The Six Step Datum Reference Frame Establishment Process

Use the Datums to establish the DRF in

The Six Step Datum Reference Frame Establishment Process

Use the Datums to establish the DRF in

Starter Coordinate System

The Six Step Datum Reference Frame Establishment Process

Use the Datums to establish the DRF in

Datum A constrains Rx & Ry (pitch & yaw) plus Tz

The Six Step Datum Reference Frame Establishment Process

Use the Datums to establish the DRF in

Datum A constrains Rx & Ry (pitch & yaw) plus Tz

The Six Step Datum Reference Frame Establishment Process

Use the Datums to establish the DRF in

Datum A constrains Rx & Ry (pitch & yaw) plus Tz

The Six Step Datum Reference Frame Establishment Process

Use the Datums to establish the DRF in

Datum A constrains Rx & Ry (pitch & yaw) plus Tz

The Six Step Datum Reference Frame Establishment Process

Use the Datums to establish the DRF in

Datum A constrains Rx & Ry (pitch & yaw) plus Tz

The Six Step Datum Reference Frame Establishment Process

Use the Datums to establish the DRF in

Datum A constrains Rx & Ry (pitch & yaw) plus Tz

The Six Step Datum Reference Frame Establishment Process

Marry the Datum Features to their

The Six Step Datum Reference Frame Establishment Process

Marry the Datum Features to their

The Six Step Datum Reference Frame Establishment Process

Marry the Datum Features to their

may rock relative to

The Six Step Datum Reference Frame Establishment Process

Marry the Datum Features to their