FIRE

INTRODUCTION
SAFETY
1

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PPNS - ITS

FIRE SAFETY ON BOARD

Fire safety is an important part of
the SMS (ISM Code), due to:

Great fire risk on board

Great losses: Lives

Material
Financial

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Total losses due to fire

Other

Fire & explosion

Weather
Collision
&
contact
Machinery

Grounding

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Loss of Lives
About 50% of all lives lost onboard ships are caused by:

Cargo Tank

(24%)

Deck

(6 %)

Engine Room (ship in service)

( 4 %)

Engine Room (ship under repair) ( 6 %)

Pump Room

(1 %)

Structural Defect followed by

(3 %)

Other (inc accommodation)

(3 %)

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Different types of ships have different risk profile

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Where do the risks come from?

1 Oil storage

5 Restaurants & Bars

2 Engine room / Power station

6 Shops

3 Garage / Warehouse

7 Conference rooms

4 Hotel

8 Control station

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Distribution of Fires onboard Ships

ENGINE ROOM
~ 60 %

Oil units
Electrical installations
Funnel & Casing
Insulation

ACCOMMODATION Galley
~ 25 %
Cabins
Store rooms

CARGO SPACES
~ 15 %
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ENGINE ROOM
~ 60 %

Oil units, Electrical installations, Funnel & Casing

HIGH FIRE RISK

The magnitude of the

fire risk depends,
among other things,
on the design of the
engine
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ENGINE ROOM
~ 60 %

Oil units, Electrical installations, Funnel & Casing

LOWER FIRE RISK

The magnitude of the

fire risk depends,
among other things,
on the design of the
engine

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ENGINE ROOM (~ 60 %) Oil units, Electrical installations,

Funnel & Casing

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ENGINE ROOM (~ 60 %) Oil units, Electrical installations,

Funnel & Casing

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Distribution of Fires onboard Ships

ACCOMMODATION (~ 25 %) Cabins

Galley

rooms

Store

4 5 % of all
fires on board
starts in the
galley
Cooking oil
burning in a
frying pan or
a saucepan
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Fire casualties

CARGO SPACES (~ 15 %)

Arsons are
unfortunately
not unusual
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Dangerous when the ship is at a ship yard

WHY ?

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Dangerous when the ship is at a ship yard

decreased number of crewmembers

partly new crewmembers

works with a high fire risk

materials with a high fire risk

being stored in insufficient places

people, not familiar with ships, onboard

lower standard of watch-keeping

alarms out of order

CO2 system out of order

fire extinguishers and other fire

fighting materials taken ashore for overhauling

sprinkler system blocked

fire pumps and fire main line without water

emergency and normal exits blocked by shipyard materials

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Fire casualties
At Sea
30%

In Shipyard
8%

In Port
62%

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Cases
Levina
Salam Al Boccaccio
Dona Paz

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OBJECTIVES

SOLAS Chapt II-2 Part A: General

Regulation 2: Fire safety objectives and functional requirements
1

Fire safety objectives

1.1 The fire safety objectives are:

.1 prevent the occurrence of fire and explosion
.2 reduce the risk to life,caused by fire
.3 reduce the risk of damage, caused by fire to the ship,
its cargo and the environment
.4 contain, control and suppress, fire and explosion in the
compartment of origin
.5 provide adequate and readily accessible means of escape for
passengers and crew
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Functional requirements are achieved by certain

Basic Principles:
I. Built in fire protection:
.1 division of the ship into main vertical and horizontal zones by thermal
and structural boundaries
.2 separation of accommodation spaces from the remainder of the ship by
thermal and structural boundaries
.3 restricted use of combustible materials
II. Detection of fire:
.4 detection of any fire in the zone of origin
III. Extinguishing fire protection:
.5 containment and extinction of any fire in the space of origin
IV. Preventive fire protection:
.6 protection of means of escape and access for fire fighting
.7 ready availability of fire-extinguishing appliances
.8 minimization of possibility of ignition of flammable cargo vapour
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The fire safety objectives are achieved by

compliance with the prescriptive requirements in:
Part B Prevention of fire and explosion
C Suppression of fire
D Escape
E Operational requirements
G Special requirements:

a) helicopter facilities
b) carriage of dangerous goods
c) special category and ro-ro spaces

or

the design and arrangements have been reviewed and approved

in accordance with:
Part F: Alternative design and arrangements =
a) Engineering analysis
b) Evaluation of the alternative design and arrangementsRona Riantini Maritime

FIRE SAFETY STANDARDS

Yesterday and today:

Prescriptive regulations (prescribes the
design in detail)

Today and tomorrow:

Performance based regulations (defines
the required performance)

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Example on two ways to achieve

the same fire safety standards
Prescriptive regulations:

An A-60 bulkhead must be able to prevent the

spread of a standard fire for 60 minutes
Performance based regulations:

The arrangement shall be such as to prevent the

spread of fire in such a way, that no persons are
exposed to untenable conditions

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FIRE SAFETY STANDARDS

For the ship

SOLAS
Chapter II-2

For systems
and equipment

FSS Code

For test procedures

and type approval

FTP Code

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International Code for Fire Safety Systems

(FSS Code)
Resolution MSC.98(73)
The Code is mandatory under SOLAS and entered into force on 1 July 2002.

The FSS Code provides

International standards for the fire safety systems and equipment
required by SOLAS Chapter II-2
In order to make the publication as comprehensive as possible for the use by
equipment and systems manufacturers, ship owners and operators, shipyards,
classification societies and Administrations, all related fire safety standards and
guidelines adopted by either the Assembly or the MSC are incorporated in the publication

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International Code for Application of

Fire Test Procedures (FTP Code)
(Resolution MSC. 61(67))

Division of ships by thermal and structural boundaries and restrictions on the use of combustible
materials are important principles in chapter II-2 (SOLAS 1974).
The FTP Code provides international requirements for laboratory testing, type approval and fire test
procedures for the:

Non-combustibility test
Smoke and toxicity test
Test for A, B and F class
divisions
Test for fire door control
systems
Test for surface flammability

Test for primary deck

coverings
Test for vertically supported
textiles and films
Test for upholstered furniture
Test for bedding components

It is of paramount importance for the safety of passengers and crew that all materials used for the
construction of ships and equipment are fully in compliance with the fire protection requirements and
fire tests of materials must be properly conducted in accordance with the established test procedures.
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Built in fire protection

Fixed fire fighting equipment and its function
Portable equipment and its function
Fire stations
Dangerous goods equipment station
Fire & general alarm function
Other alarms ( i.e. Gas detection system)
Fire control plan & alarm list
Quick closing valves
Escape ways
26

Scope of discussion
FIRE SAFETY ON BOARD :
1.

BUILT IN FIRE PROTECTION

2.

BUILT IN FIRE EXTINGUISHING

3.

PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHING

4.

OPERATIONAL READINESS

5.

ESCAPE WAYS

6.

SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS

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Sources

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