Earthquakeclassppt 141009054224 Conversion Gate01

EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT CONSTRUCTION
DETAILS
Various types and construction details of foundation, soil
stabilization, retaining walls, underground and overhead tanks,
staircases and isolation of structures
UTKARSH SHAKYA (11601)

SAHIL KAUNDAL (11602)
B.Arch. ,7th Sem.
National Institute of Technology Hamirpur
CONTENTS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Why earthquake resistant construction details?? (Introduction)

Various types and construction details of foundation.
Soil stabilization
Retaining walls
Underground and overhead tanks
Staircases and isolation of structures
AR-414 Earthquake Resistant Building Design
Earthquake Resistant Construction Details
Why Earthquake resistant

construction??
India is a large country. Nearly two thirds of

its area is earthquake prone. A large part of
rural and urban buildings are low-rise
buildings of one two three storeys. Many of
them may not be adequately designed from
engineers trained in earthquake engineering.
Most loss of life and property due to
earthquakes occur due to collapse of
buildings. The number of dwelling units and
other related small-scale constructions might
double in the next two decades in India and
other developing countries of the world. This
amplifies the need for a simple engineering
approach to make such buildings earthquake
resistant at a reasonably low cost.
Various types and construction

details of foundation
Types of Foundations:
Stone Masonry Foundation
Brick Masonry Foundation
Concrete Block Masonry Foundation
- In case of loose soil, provide some

nominal reinforcement in foundation
bed concrete.
- If stone soling is used under
foundation reduce the thickness of
foundation strip to 3.
- The vertical steel bars indicated in
the foundations are to be provided at
corners and
junction of walls as explained in the
later sections.
Foundations
One of the most frequent causes of deterioration of the walls of a house is
their direct
contact with the ground humid thus making them vulnerable in the event
of an
earthquake.
Example: ground sloping towards the

wall, unstable and poor quality
foundations and
wall bases, prone to settling due to
the effect of humidity and the inferior
quality of the
Building Design
10 AR-414 Earthquake Resistant
ground.
Alternative 1: Cleaning & Drainage

If after an earthquake the wall has cracks in
certain sections
and the bricks are in a satisfactory state we
must eliminate the
earth which covers the wall base, and level
out the ground a
minimum of 100mm below the wall base.
Alternative 2: Demolition &
Reconstruction
If after an earthquake the base of the wall
has become loose,
if there are cracks in the entire wall and
sinking which makes
the wall unstable and dangerous, we must
then: Dismantle it
after propping it up and build a new wall from
the foundations.
11
Foundations
WOOD FRAMED WALLS
Timber construction shall preferably start above the plinth level, the portion below
being in masonry or concrete. The superstructure may be connected with the foundation
in one of the two ways:
A) The superstructure may simply rest on the plinth masonry, or in the case of
small buildings of one storey having plan area less than 50 sq.m., it may rest
on firm plane ground so that the building is free to slide laterally during ground
motion
B) The superstructure may be rigidly fixed into the plinth masonry or concrete
foundation as shown in fig.13.1 or in case of small buildings it may be fixed to
vertical poles embedded into the ground.
Details of connection of
column with foundation
12
Wall Footings
Pier Post and Column Footings
13
SHALLOW FOUNDATION - Spread Footings:

Single footing, Stepped footing, Slo
ped footing, Wall footing, Grillage f
oundation.
Spread footings are those which
spread the super-imposed load of wall
or column over a larger area. Spread
footings support either a colunm or
wall. Spread footings may be of the
following kinds:
14
(i) Single footing [ Fig. 2.2(a)] for a

column
(ii) Stepped footing [ Fig. 2.2(b)] for
a column
(iii)Sloped footing [ Fig. 2.2(c)] for a
column
(iv) Wall footing without step [ Fig.
2.3(a)]
(v) Stepped footing for wall [ Fig.
2.3(b)]
(vi) Grillage foundation [ Fig. 2.4]
Fig. 2.2SPREAD FOOTINGS FOR COLUMNS.

Fig. 2.2 (a)shows a single footing for a column, in which
the loaded area (b x b) of the column has been spread to the
size
B x B through a single spread. The base is generally made of
concrete.
Fig. 2.2 (b)shows the stepped footing for a heavily loaded
column,
which requires greater spread. The base of the column is
made of
concrete.Fig. 2.2 (c)shows the case in which the concrete
baseAR-414
does
Earthquake Resistant Building Design
not have uniform thickness, but is made sloped, with greater
15
FIG. 2.3 SPREAD FOOTING FOR

WALL : STRIP FOOTING.
Fig. 2.3 (a)shows the spread footing for a wall,
consisting
of concrete base without any steps. Usually, masonry
walls have
stepped footings as shown in Fig.2.3 (b), with a
concrete base
FIG. 2.4 GRILLAGE FOUNDATION.

Fig. 2.4 shows a steel grillge foundation for a steel
stanchion carrying heavy load. It is a special type of
isolated footing generally provided for heavily loaded
steel stanchions and used in these locations where
bearing capacity of soil is poor. The depth of such a
foundation is limited to 1 to 1.5 m. The load of the
stanchion is distributed or spread to a very large area by
means of two or mor tiers or rolled steel joints, each
layer being laid at right angle to the layer bellow it. Both
the tiers of the joists are then embeden in cement
concrete to keep the joists in position and to prevent
their corrosion.
The detailed method of construction has benn explained
in 3.6 Grillage foundation is also constructed of timber
beams and planks (Fig. 3.12 and 3.13)
16
Ground and Soil

Stabilisation
General problems of ground

instability include:
Landslip
Surface flooding and soil erosion
Natural caves and fissures
Mining and quarrying
Landfill
Natural geological variation faults,
changes in geology differential
settlement
Improving the ground

There are a number of different
methods that can be used to
increase the strength and stability of
the ground.
Ground stabilisation
Dynamic compaction
Vibro compaction - Vibro displacement
Vibro flotation - high pressure water jets
(improves penetration of hard substrates)
Pressure grouting
Surcharging
Geotechnic membranes
Soil modification and stabilisation
Dynamic compaction
This involves dropping heavy weights
onto the ground.
The weight causes the ground to
compact.
Dynamic compaction
Ground is consolidated by repeatedly dropping
dead weights and specially designed tampers
Weights include: Flat bottomed and cone
tampers
Traditional weights are flat bottomed with cable
Modern systems use cones with guide rails
Dynamic compaction is suitable for granular
soils, made-up and fill sites
Using dynamic compaction bearing capacities
of 50 to 150kN/m2 can be achieved
Dynamic
compaction
Typical weight (mass) 7-11 tonnes
Pass 3
Pass 1 and
pass 2
Tamer drops and exerts known

impact energy on strata
Zone compacted
3rd Pass
Zone compacted
2nd Pass
Pass 1
Pass 2
Pass 2
50 150 kN/m2
Typical bearing
capacity
Pass 1
Required treatment
depth
Zone compacted
1st Pass
Sound strata
Typical cone type tampers

(adapted from www.rogerbullivant.co.uk)
Long cone
2.5
m
Flower pot
c one
Multiple point
cone
C onsolidates
strata c loser to the
surface
Typic al weight (mass) 7-11
tonnes
Used for densifying
deep layers of
strata
Traditional
weight
10 20 tonnes
Energy does not
penetrate the
ground as much as
the cone weights
Dynamic compaction rig
Vibro compaction or
displacement
Vibrating rods are forced into the
ground causing the surrounding
ground to compact and consolidate.
Vibro compaction or vibro

displacement
Vibrating mandrels (poker, shaft or rod)
penetrates, displaces and compacts the
ground.
Void Created is filled with stone and
recompacted
Produces stone columns in the ground,
compacts surrounding strata enhancing the
ground bearing capacity and limiting
settlement
Typical applications include support of
foundations, slabs, hard standings, pavements,
tanks or embankments.
Vibro compaction continued

Used in soft soils, man made and other
strata, can be reinforced to achieve
improved specification
On slopes it can limit the risk of slip failure.
Ground bearing capacities, for low to
medium rise buildings and industrial
developments, is in the region of 100kN/m 2
to 200kN/m2.
Improved ground conditions may allow
heavier loads to be supported.
Used in granular and cohesive soils
Benefits of vibrocompaction
Buildings can be supported on conventional
foundations (normally reinforced and shallow
foundations).
Work can commence immediately following the vibro
displacement. Foundations can be installed straight
away.
The soil is displaced. No soil is produced.
Contaminants remain in the ground reduces
disposal and remediation fees.
Economical, when compared with piling or deep
excavation works.
Can be used to regenerate brownfield sites
Can use reclaimed aggregates and soils.
Vibrofloatation
Vibro floatation uses a similar
process to vibro compaction
Water jets at the tip of the poker
Water jets help the vibrator
penetrate hard layers of ground
Major disadvantage is that the
system is messy and imprecise, thus
rarely used
Vibro displacement - Typical

sequence
1. A grid is marked out and the

vibrating mandrel (poker) is
inserted to the required depth
2. As the mandrel drives into

the ground the soil is
displaced (surrounding
granular soil is compacted.
Vibro displacement - Typical sequence
Rigs weighs 14 55
tonnes
3. Having reached the engineered

depth the mandrel is withdraw and
hardcore is placed up to the first level.
The hardcore is built up in layers of 0.3
to 0.6m. The mandrel is inserted into the
hardcore, it penetrates and compacts
each layer before the next load of
hardcore is placed
4. By compacting in layers
and reintroducing the cone
mandrel a dense stone
column is constructed.
Mandrel
positioned
ready to
compact and
displace
Ground
displaced
Ground compacted void

remains
Void filled with stone
Hardcore is repeatedly
displaced and compacted
Grouting
Grouting may be used to fill the voids
in the ground increasing the strength
of the ground.
Pressure grouting
In permeable soils, pressure grouting may be
used to fill the voids.
Holes drilled using mechanically driven augers.
As the auger is withdrawn cement slurry is
forced down a central tube into the bore under
pressure.
Pressures of up to 70,000 N/mm2 can be
exerted by the grout on the surrounding soil.
Slurry contains cementious additives, e.g.
pulverised fuel ash (pfa), microsilica, chemical
grout, cement or a mixture.
Soil modification and

stabilization
Machines are available that can
break-up the ground, mix the ground
with new cementious material and
improve the ground quality.

recycling
Additives used in soil stabilisation increase the
strength better, improve compacted and
maximise bearing capacity and minimise
settlement.
The technique can be used to provide stabilised
or modified materials for earthworks, or may be
used to provide permanent load transfer
platforms or hard standings.
Can be used to treat and neutralise certain
contaminants or encapsulate the contaminants,
removing the need for expensive removal and
disposal.
Soil modification,
stabilisation and recycling
machine
Working direction
Unstable soil
Milling and mixing chamber
Stable or modified
soil ready for
compaction
Schematic of
soil modification and mixing
chamber
Working direction
Hopper and cellular wheel

sluice spread lime or cement
or other additive
Variable milling and mixing

chamber.
The milling and mixing
rotor breaks down soil
and mixes the soil and
additives
Soil mixture with reduced

water content ready for
compaction
Soil modification and stabilization rig
www. roger-bullivant.co.uk

stabilization plant

stabilization plant
Surcharging
This involves placing heavy loads on the
ground for long periods of time.
Over time the ground will compact.
Surcharging is time consuming and ties up
the land
Can be used if long lead-in time available
Can be used on roads
May be used on investment land (land
bank). The increase in strength will
increase the value of the land.
Surcharging
Excavated material, quarried stone
or other heavy loads.
Settlement and compaction period 6
months to a few years.
For economics the surcharging acts
as a temporary storage facility
Geotechnical membranes
Geotechnical membranes provide a
sheet of reinforcing material that can
be added to the ground. This
increases the stability and tensile
strength of the ground.
Geotecnic membrane
Geotechnical membranes
Natural
Plastic manmade
Built up in layers compacted
between ground hardcore
Sheets, fibres and strips
5. Field Compaction
Equipment
and Procedures
59
5.1 Equipment
Smooth-wheel roller (drum)
100% coverage under the wheel

Contact pressure up to 380 kPa
Can be used on all soil types
except for rocky soils.
Compactive effort: static weight
The most common use of large
smooth wheel rollers is for proofrolling subgrades and compacting
asphalt pavement.
Holtz and Kovacs, 1981
60
5.1 Equipment (Cont.)

Pneumatic (or rubber-tired) roller 80% coverage under the wheel
Contact pressure up to 700 kPa
Can be used for both granular and
fine-grained soils.
and kneading.
Can be used for highway fills or
earth dam construction.
61

Sheepsfoot rollers
Has many round or rectangular

shaped protrusions or feet
attached to a steel drum
8% ~ 12 % coverage
Contact pressure is from 1400 to
7000 kPa
It is best suited for clayed soils.
and kneading.
62

Tamping foot roller
About 40% coverage

8400 kPa
It is best for compacting finegrained soils (silt and clay).
and kneading.
63

Mesh (or grid pattern) roller
50% coverage
6200 kPa
It is ideally suited for compacting
rocky soils, gravels, and sands.
With high towing speed, the
material is vibrated, crushed, and
impacted.
and vibration.
64

Vibrating drum on smooth-wheel Vertical vibrator attached
smooth wheel rollers.
roller
to
The best explanation of why roller

vibration causes densification of
granular soils is that particle
rearrangement occurs due to cyclic
deformation of the soil produced
by the oscillations of the roller.
and vibration.
Suitable for granular soils
65
5.1 Equipment-Summary
66
5.2 Variables-Vibratory
Compaction
There are many variables which control the

vibratory compaction or densification of soils.
Characteristics of the compactor:
(1) Mass, size
(2) Operating frequency and frequency range
Characteristics of the soil:

(1) Initial density
(2) Grain size and shape
(3) Water content
Construction procedures:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Number of passes of the roller

Lift thickness
Frequency of operation vibrator
Towing speed
67
5.3 Dynamic Compaction

Dynamic compaction was first used in
Germany in the mid-1930s.
The depth of influence D, in meters, of soil
undergoing compaction is conservatively
given by
D (Wh)1/2
W = mass of falling weight in metric tons.
h = drop height in meters
From Holtz and Kovacs, 198168
5.4 Vibroflotation
Vibroflotation is a technique for
in situ densification of thick
layers of loose granular soil
deposits. It was developed in
Germany in the 1930s.
From Das, 1998 69
5.4 VibroflotationProcedures
From Das, 1998
Stage1: The jet at the bottom of the Vibroflot is turned on and lowered into the ground
Stage2: The water jet creates a quick condition in the soil. It allows the vibrating unit to
sink into the ground
Stage 3: Granular material is poured from the top of the hole. The water from the lower jet
is transferred to he jet at the top of the vibrating unit. This water carries the granular
material down the hole
Stage 4: The vibrating unit is gradually raised in about 0.3-m lifts and held vibrating for70
about 30 seconds at each lift. This process compacts the soil to the desired unit weight.
6. Field Compaction
Control and
Specifications
71
6.1 Control Parameters

Dry density and water content correlate well with
the engineering properties, and thus they are
convenient construction control parameters.
Since the objective of compaction is to stabilize
soils and improve their engineering behavior, it is
important to keep in mind the desired engineering
properties of the fill, not just its dry density and
water content. This point is often lost in the
earthwork construction control.
6.2 Design-Construct
Procedures
Laboratory tests are conducted on samples of the
proposed borrow materials to define the
properties required for design.
After the earth structure is designed, the
compaction specifications are written. Field
compaction control tests are specified, and the
results of these become the standard for
controlling the project.
6.3 Specifications
(1) End-product specifications
This specification is used for most highways and
building foundation, as long as the contractor is able to
obtain the specified relative compaction , how he obtains
it doesnt matter, nor does the equipment he uses.
Care the results only !
(2) Method specifications
The type and weight of roller, the number of passes of
that roller, as well as the lift thickness are specified. A
maximum allowable size of material may also be
specified.
It is typically used for large compaction project.
Methods
6.6.1 Destructive
Methods
(a)
(a) Sand cone

(b) Balloon
(c) Oil (or water) method
Calculations
(b)
Know Ms and Vt
Get d field and w (water content) (c)
Compare d field with d max-lab and
calculate relative compaction R.C.

1981
6.6.1 Destructive Methods

(Cont.)
Sometimes, the laboratory maximum density may
not be known exactly. It is not uncommon,
especially in highway construction, for a series of
laboratory compaction tests to be conducted on
representative samples of the borrow materials
for the highway. If the soils at the site are highly
varied, there will be no laboratory results to be
compared with. It is time consuming and expensive
to conduct a new compaction curve. The alternative
is to implement a field check point, or 1 point
Proctor test.
1981
6.6.1 Destructive Methods

(Cont.)
The measuring error is mainly from the

determination of the volume of the excavated
material.
For example,
For the sand cone method, the vibration from nearby working
equipment will increase the density of the sand in the hole,
which will gives a larger hole volume and a lower
field
density.
d field
M
s / Vt
If the compacted fill is gravel or contains large gravel
particles. Any kind of unevenness in the walls of the hole
causes a significant error in the balloon method.
If the soil is coarse sand or gravel, none of the liquid methods
works well, unless the hole is very large and a polyethylene
sheet is used to contain the water or oil.
1981
6.6.2 Nondestructive
Methods
(a)
Nuclear density meter
(a) Direct transmission
(b) Backscatter
(c) Air gap
Principles
Density
The Gamma radiation is scattered by the soil
particles and the amount of scatter is
proportional to the total density of the material.
The Gamma radiation is typically provided by
the radium or a radioactive isotope of cesium.
(b)
Water content
The water content can be determined based on
the neutron scatter by hydrogen atoms. Typical
neutron sources are americium-beryllium
isotopes.
(c)
78
6.6.2 Nondestructive
Methods (Cont.)
Calibration
Calibration against compacted materials of known
density is necessary, and for instruments operating
on the surface the presence of an uncontrolled air
gap can significantly affect the measurements.
79
7. Estimating Performance
of Compacted Soils
80
7.1 Definition of Pavement

Systems
81
STORAGE TANKS
82
In general there are three kinds of water tanks-
1.Tanks resting on ground,

2.Underground tanks and
3.Elevated tanks.
83
From design point of view the tanks may be classified as per

their shapeRECTANGULAR TANKS
CIRCULAR TANKS
INTZE TYPE TANKS
SPHERICAL TANKS
CONICAL BOTTOM TANKS
SUSPENDED BOTTOM TANKS.
84
The tanks resting on

ground like clear water
reservoirs, settling tanks,
aeration tanks etc. are
supported on the ground
directly.
The walls of these tanks are
subjected to pressure and the
base is subjected to weight of
water and pressure of soil.
The tanks may be covered on
top.
85
The tanks like purification tanks,

Imhoff tanks, septic tanks, and
gas holders are built
UNDERGROUND.
1. The walls of these tanks are
subjected to water pressure from
inside and the earth pressure
from outside.
2. The base is subjected to
weight of water and soil
pressure. These tanks may be
covered at the top.
86
ELEVATED
TANKS are supported on
staging which may consist of
masonry walls, R.C.C. tower
or R.C.C. columns braced
together. The walls are
subjected to water pressure.
The base has to carry the
load of water and tank load.
The staging has to carry load
of water and tank.
The staging is also designed
for wind forces.
87
1. Ground Supported Rectangular

Concrete Tank
88
2. Elevated Tank Supported on 4 Column RC

Staging
89
3. Elevated Intze Tank Supported on 6

Column RC Staging
90
DESIGN OF RCC OVERHEAD WATER TANKS TERMINOLOGY 1. Capacity - Capacity of the tank shall be the volume of water it
can
store between the designed full supply level and lowest supply
level ( that
is, the level of the lip of the outlet pipe ). Due allowance shall be
made
for plastering the tank from inside if any when calculating the
capacity of
tank.
2. Height of Staging - Height of staging is the difference between
the
lowest supply level of tank and the average ground level at the
tank site.
3. Water Depth - Water depth in tank shall be difference of level
91between
LAYOUT OF OVERHEAD TANKS

Generally the shape and size of elevated concrete tanks
for economical design depends upon the functional
requirements such as:
a) Maximum depth for water;
b) Height of staging;
c) Allowable bearing capacity of foundation strata
and type of foundation suitable;
d) Capacity of tank; and
e) Other site conditions.
92
Classification and Layout of Elevated Tanks 1. For tank up to 50 m3 capacity may be square or
circular in shape
and supported on staging three or four columns.
2. Tanks of capacity above 50 m3 and up to 200 m3
may be square or circular in plan and supported on
minimum four columns.
3. For capacity above 200 m3 and up to 800 m3 the
tank may be square, rectangular, circular or intze type
tank. The number of columns to be adopted shall be
decided based on the column spacing which normally
lies between 3.6 and 4.5 m. For circular, intze or conical
tanks, a shaft supporting structures may be provided.
93
Staging Components
COLUMNS
94
95
96
97
Bracings
For staging of height above foundation greater than 6 m,
the column shall be rigidly connected by horizontal
bracings suitably spaced vertically at distances not
exceeding 6 m.
98
99
10
10
10
DETAILING -
10
10
10
Bibliography
Emmitt, S. and Gorse, C. (2010) Barrys Introduction to

Construction of Buildings. Oxford, Blackwell Publishing
Emmitt, S. and Gorse, C. (2010) Barrys Advanced

Construction of Buildings. Oxford, Blackwell Publishing
IS: 11682-1985 (CRITERIA FOR DESIGN OF RCC STAGING FOR
OVERHEAD WATER TANKS).
IITK-GSDMA GUIDELINES for SEISMIC DESIGN OF LIQUID

STORAGE TANKS.
Google Images.
Thanks to one and all..
Presented to,
Ar. Anju soni mam
on,
9th October 2014
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EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT CONSTRUCTION

UTKARSH SHAKYA (11601)

Why earthquake resistant construction details?? (Introduction)

AR-414 Earthquake Resistant Building Design

Earthquake Resistant Construction Details

Why Earthquake resistant

India is a large country. Nearly two thirds of

AR-414 Earthquake Resistant Building Design

Earthquake Resistant Construction Details

Various types and construction

AR-414 Earthquake Resistant Building Design

Earthquake Resistant Construction Details

AR-414 Earthquake Resistant Building Design

Earthquake Resistant Construction Details

AR-414 Earthquake Resistant Building Design

Earthquake Resistant Construction Details

Stone Masonry Foundation

AR-414 Earthquake Resistant Building Design

Earthquake Resistant Construction Details

Brick Masonry Foundation

AR-414 Earthquake Resistant Building Design

Earthquake Resistant Construction Details

Concrete Block Masonry Foundation

- In case of loose soil, provide some

AR-414 Earthquake Resistant Building Design

Earthquake Resistant Construction Details

Example: ground sloping towards the

Alternative 1: Cleaning & Drainage

AR-414 Earthquake Resistant Building Design

Earthquake Resistant Construction Details

WOOD FRAMED WALLS

AR-414 Earthquake Resistant Building Design

Earthquake Resistant Construction Details

Pier Post and Column Footings

AR-414 Earthquake Resistant Building Design

Earthquake Resistant Construction Details

SHALLOW FOUNDATION - Spread Footings:

(i) Single footing [ Fig. 2.2(a)] for a

AR-414 Earthquake Resistant Building Design

Earthquake Resistant Construction Details

Fig. 2.2SPREAD FOOTINGS FOR COLUMNS.

FIG. 2.3 SPREAD FOOTING FOR

Earthquake Resistant Construction Details

FIG. 2.4 GRILLAGE FOUNDATION.

AR-414 Earthquake Resistant Building Design

Earthquake Resistant Construction Details

Ground and Soil

General problems of ground

Improving the ground

Typical weight (mass) 7-11 tonnes

Tamer drops and exerts known

Typical cone type tampers

Dynamic compaction rig

Vibro compaction or vibro

Vibro compaction continued

Vibro displacement - Typical

1. A grid is marked out and the

2. As the mandrel drives into

Vibro displacement - Typical sequence

3. Having reached the engineered

Ground compacted void

Void filled with stone