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Context
Terminology
Local Oscillator (LO)
Low Noise Amplifier (LNA)
Intermediate Frequency (IF)
Receiver Architecture
Heterodyne
SuperHeterodyne
Direct-Conversion (Zero-IF)
Low-IF
Quasi-IF
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Terminology
Receiver Architecture
Local Oscillator(LO)
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LNA
Friis Equation
++
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Intermediate Frequency(IF)
Definition
Merits
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Intermediate Frequency(IF)
Television receivers: 30 MHz to 900 MHz
Analogue television receivers using system M: 41.25 MHz (audio) and 45.75 MHz (video). Note, the c
hannel is flipped over in the conversion process in an intercarrier system, so the audio IF frequency is l
ower than the video IF frequency.
Analogue television receivers using system B and similar systems: 33.4 MHz. for aural and 38.9 MHz.
for visual signal.
FM radio receivers: 262 kHz, 455 kHz, 1.6 MHz, 5.5 MHz, 10.7 MHz, 10.8 MHz, 11.2 MHz, 11.7 MH
z, 11.8 MHz, 21.4 MHz, 75 MHz and 98 MHz.
AM radio receivers: 450 kHz, 455 kHz, 460 kHz, 465 kHz, 470 kHz, 475 kHz, 480 kHz
Satellite uplink-downlink equipment: 70 MHz, 950-1450 Downlink first IF
Terrestrial microwave equipment: 250 MHz, 70 MHz or 75 MHz
Radar: 30 MHz
RF Test Equipment: 310.7 MHz, 160 MHz, 21.4 MHz
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Terminology
Receiver Architecture
Heterodyne receiver
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Heterodyne receiver
1st filter
: duplex filter
2nd filter
: image rejection filter
3rd filter
: channel selection filter
Introduction to RFIC receiver architecture
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Heterodyne receiver
Problem #1 : It is very difficult to tune an amplifier and/or filter!
But the center frequency and bandwidth of an amplifier/filter are related to the in
ductor and capacitor values in very indirect and complex ways.
Additionally, a filter of high selectivity(i.e., fast roll-off) will be a filter of high ord
er -> high order means many inductors and capacitors!
Result : Tuning a good heterodyne receiver can be very difficult, requiring a precise ad
justment of many control knobs!
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Heterodyne receiver
Problem #2 : The signal reaching the detector can be any one of many frequencies(e.
g., w1, w2, w3, w4) distributed across a very wide bandwidth.
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Superheterodyne receiver
superheterodyne : creating a beat frequency that is lower than the original signal
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Superheterodyne receiver
Advantages of using Superheterodying (receiver)
Reduces the signal from very high frequency sources where ordinary compon
ents wouldnt work(like in a radar receiver)
Devices can be optimized or made more inexpensively
Can be used to improve signal isolation by arithmetic selectivity
Difficulty
Hard to treat high quality of digital signal
Duplication of original signal and image signal
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Direct-conversion
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Direct conversion
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Direct conversion
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Low-IF
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Low-IF
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Low-IF
power consumption
Use of I/Q-demodulation
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Quasi-IF
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Quasi-IF
Advantages
first LO : optimized with respect to phase noise as no switching requirements are
now present
Tunable second LO : operates at low frequencies whereby phase noise and undesir
ed non-linearities may be minimized
absence of IF filter
Disadvantages
DC offset
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Comparison
Heterodyne
Direct-conversion
Low-IF
Selectivity
Low
High
High
Analog
Requirements
High
Moderate
Low
Flexibility
Low
Low
High
CMOS
Compatibility
Low
Moderate
High
Noise
Low
Moderate
Low
Dynamic Range
High
High
High
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Comparison
Advantages
Difficulties
Directconversion
No IF filters(2 LPFs)
No image
Low power consumption
Easy integration
LO leakage
DC offset due to device
mismatch
1/f noise
High linearity mixer
Low-IF
Image rejection
Path matching
Increased hardware than
direct-conv.
Quasi-IF
No IF filters(2 LPFs)
No LO leak
Low phase noise
Easy integration
Image rejection
Path matching
Increased hardware than
direct-conv.
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Thank you.