Transfer of

Energy/Heat

It Can Only Go One Way!

HOT

absolute temperature scale - 0 Kelvin

PV=nRT - gas law - Charles, Boyle?

COLD

How Do We Measure?
Basic Heat, One British Thermal Unit (Btu):
One Btu is the amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of one pound of water one degree F.
One pound of
water
(about a pint)

One Btu

A Little More to It
for each pound of H2O

ICE

144 Btu

COLD
WATER

1 Btu / oF

HOT
WATER

970 Btu

How many Btus would it take to turn 5lbs

of ice at 32F into 5lbs of steam at 212F?

STEAM

Latent Heat

In addition to sensible heat (a change in the air

temperature that is felt or sensed), cooling
systems must also account for latent heat gains.
Latent heat is the energy that is required to
change a solid to a liquid or a liquid to a gas; no
temperature change occurs during this process.

Steam is comprised of sensible and latent heat. The latent

heat portion is equal to the heat energy used to change the
water from liquid to vapor at 212oF. No change in
temperature is sensed.
Steam

Latent Heat

Sensible (dry)
heat

Cooking

People

The sensible heat input of the flame heats the water. Some
of this increases the temperature of the water and some is
used for latent heat, the heat of changing the water from
liquid to gas.

Lets Melt Some Ice

Rate of Heat Transfer:

BTUs per hour

12000 BTUs/hr = 1 ton (often expressed as
refrigeration capacity - why?)
MBH = 1000 BTUs/hr
Latent - 350 Btu/hr
Sensible - 350 Btu/hr

Three Ways Heat is Lost or

Gained from a Building

Conduction
Convection
Radiation

Conduction

Transfers heat in a chain-like manner

A buildings heat is conducted to the outdoors
through the solid surfaces of walls, roofs, floor
slabs, glass doors, and windows
Q = (U)(A)(T)
Q =
U =
A =
T =

heat gain or loss in (Btu/hr)

heat transfer coefficient (Btu/ft2/oF)
surface area (ft2)
temperature differential

Conduction

U = 1/R
68o F

10o F

Clapboards

Plaster
Studs

Heat moves from

hot to cold-molecules transfer
heat from one to
another as heat
moves through
them.

Convection

Transfers heat as warm molecules actually move

from one place to another

In buildings, heat is convected from the interior to

the outdoors by air that leaks, or infiltrates,
through cracks around windows and doors and by
the exhaust and ventilation air that moves between
the interior and exterior of the building

Convection

Cold air
Crack
10o F
Door

68o F

Cold air infiltrates

into a space by
physically moving
from outdoors to
indoors.

Radiation

Glass

Solar energy
penetrates the building
wall by passing
through transparent
glass surfaces.

Transfers heat by
electromagnetic waves.
Heat is radiated onto
buildings by the sun during
the day.
Why does it
snow on the
top of high
mountains in
Africa?

Why Are We So Concerned

About the Movement of
Heat?
ASHRAE worries for us:
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air
Conditioning Engineers

Research
Standards Development
Education

80% Comfort Zone

RH
50%

RH

0%
0
1

RH

70%

Acceptable ranges of operative

temperature and humidity for persons
clothed in typical summer and winter
clothing, at light, mainly sedentary
activity. (ASHRAE 55-1981)

60

70

RH

er
m
sum

30
%

r
nte
i
w

80

90oF

What We Are Up Against

WINTER
99%
97.5%
Atlantic City
Long Branch
Newark
New Brunswick
Paterson
Phillipsburg
Trenton
Vineland

10
10
10
6
6
1
11
8

13
13
14
10
10
6
14
11

SUMMER
1%
2.5%
92/74
93/74
94/74
92/74
94/74
92/73
91/75
91/75

89/74
90/73
91/73
89/73
91/73
89/72
88/74
89/74

WET-BULB
1%
2.5%
78
78
77
77
77
76
78
78

77
77
76
76
76
75
76
76

How Much Cooling Do We

Need?
Quick Load Calculation

Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Equipment
People
Lighting
Total

Add it all up and now

you know how much
cooling you will need

When is a Watt Not a Watt

Conversion Factor
(Watts) (3.41) = Btu/hr

200 watts electrical capacity

Vs.
135 watts cooling load
100 watts

100 watts
35 watts

100 watts

Conference Room Heating

Up

8 incandescents (100 watts) turned on

15 people enter the room

How many tons of cooling will we need to meet the load?

How many CFM of system air (cubic feet per minute)?

Q(Btu/hr) = 1.08 (CFM) (T)

- sensible heat only-

Psychrometric
Chart

Humidity
80%

60%

80o

Wet bulb
Enthalpy

40%

70o
60o

50o

Moisture
20%

80%
60%
40%
20%

40o

60o

Dry bulb

80o

100o

1200

Psychrometric
Chart
humidifying
only
heating and
humidifying

evaporative
cooling

sensible
cooling only

cooling and
dehumidifying

sensible
heating only

dehumidifying
only

chemical
dehumidifying

Boiling To The Rescue!

Water
212 F
Alcohol 152 F
Sulfur Dioxide
14 F
Refrigerant 12 - 22 F
Ammonia - 28 F
Refrigerant 22 - 41 F
Nitrogen
- 320 F
Represents boiling point at atmospheric pressure

So Thats Why its Called

An Evaporator
R- 22

Air Flow

Refrigerant Properties
3

Gas
2

Liquid
Condensing pressure

P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

Mixed
condition
ant
const
rature
tempe

4
Evaporating pressure

Enthalpy

Liquid
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

Gas

Condensing pressure

Putting All The

Pieces Together

Mixed
condition
4
Evaporating pressure

Enthalpy

compressor
c
o
n
d
e
n
s
e
r

evaporator
throttling
valve

Both Sides Water

Sensible and Latent Heat

Dry air (mostly oxygen and nitrogen)
contains only sensible heat. The
moisture in the air (water vapor)
contains both sensible and latent heat.

Condensed moisture
on coils

Moist warm air

Mostly latent heat

Dryer cool air

Sensible heat

Condensate

Fan Coil Cooling

Rooftop Unit

ROOF

SPACE

Split
System

Transfer of Energy/Heat
Airside: Yellow loop
Chilled water: Green loop
Refrigeration: Blue loop
Heat rejection: Red loop

Fan

Pump

80o
75o

Compressor

55o

55o

50o

Evaporator

CHW
Coil

Pump

120o

95o

95o

Condenser
Cooling
Tower

Office
Space

55o

o
Terminal 55
Unit

45o

45o
CHW
Valve

38o

100o
Expansion
Valve

85o

85o
CW
Valve

System Configuration
The best systems:
Provide comfortable environment
Have relatively low operating costs
Will operate inexpensively after normal business
hours
Are easily operated and maintained
Will allow expansion or reconfiguration
Operate quietly
Can be cost effectively purchased and installed

System Configurations

Central Plant

Central chillers, central fans

Central chillers, floor-by-floor fans

Unitary

Self-contained package units per floor

HVAC Systems

Refrigeration
Air Handling
Room Air Distribution and Control
Heating Systems

Refrigeration

Central
Packaged/floor-by-floor
Distributed (heat pumps)

Central
Advantages
Low operating cost
Low maintenance cost
Noise removed (NC30-35)
Disadvantages
Expensive after hours
Lack of redundancy

Heat

Packaged
Advantages
Low after hours
Flexible
Reliable
Cost allocation
Disadvantages
Noise
Higher operating
costs

Distributed
Advantages
Flexible
Low after hours
Redundancy

Disadvantages
Noise
Expensive to
maintain and operate
Poor IAQ

Air Handling

Central fans
Floor-by-floor fans

Central - Air Handling

Advantages
Low energy
Low maintenance
cost
Noise
No loss of space

Disadvantages
Reliability
Flexibility
After-hours costs are
high

VSD

Floor by Floor Fans

Advantages
Flexible
Reliable
Low after hours
Cost allocation

Disadvantages
Noise
Floor space
High operating cost

Floor by Floor Fans with Central

Chillers
Advantages
Flexible
Reliable
Low after hours
Cost allocation

Disadvantages
Noise
Floor space
High operating cost

Room Air Distribution and

Control

Constant volume with reheat

Variable air volume (VAV)
Fan-powered variable air volume

Constant Volume with

Reheat 55
o

75o

mo
st
The
r

Disadvantages
Operating expenses
Zoning

at

Advantages
Air motion
Indoor air quality

Variable Air Volume

55o
55o

mo
st
The
r

Disadvantages
Poor IAQ
Lack of air motion
Noise

at

Advantages
Low operating
expenses
Zoning

Fan Powered Variable Air

Volume
55o

80

mo
st
The
r

Disadvantages
Operating costs
Noise

at

Advantages
Air motion
Indoor air quality
Operating costs

66o

CFM

Full Shut Off

VAV

Temperature

CFM

Parallel Fan
Powered

Temperature

CFM

VAV

Series Fan Powered

Temperature

Room Air Distribution

Supply Air

VAV Box
Return Air

Heating Systems

Induction units
Baseboard radiation/convectors
Fan-powered VAV with heat

Induction Units
Advantages
Comfort
Indoor air quality

Disadvantages

Noisy

Unattractive

Takes up space

Operating expense

Radiation
Advantages
Comfort
Operating Cost

Disadvantages

Zoning

Unattractive

Takes up space

FPVAV with Heat

Advantages
Not visible
Indoor air quality
Zoning

Disadvantages

Noisy

Comfort

First Class Office Building

Standards

HVAC

At least 1 zone per 1000 sq.ft.

Individual control at office level
Air flow - average 1.1 CFM/sq.ft.
Typically 350 to 400 sq. ft. ton
Supplemental cooling
70o to 76o
Flexible/reliable
Low operating cost
3 to 6 watts per sq.ft. sensible cooling