FIRE & EXPLOSION RISK

ASSESSMENT
Roslinormansyah
EHS Manager PT. Alstom Power ESI

Outline of

Lecture

1. Understanding Fire and Explosion

2. Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and

Explosion Hazard
3. Selection safeguard for Fire and Explosion s
Risk Control

Understanding Fire and

Explosion

Understanding Fire and Explosion

History of Fire and Explosion Incident
Carbide
Industries,
Fire &
Explosion

March ,
2011

Understanding Fire and Explosion

History of Fire and Explosion Incident
Kleen
Energy,
Explosion
June, 2009

Understanding Fire and Explosion

Definition
1.Fire : A slow combustion that significant
without
overpressure
2.Explosion : A release of energy that causes a
blast
3.Flammability Limit : The minimum (lower,LFL)
and
maximum concentration of
combustible vapor in air that
will
propagate
a
(source
: Guidelines
CPQRA, AIChE,
2000)
flame

Understanding Fire and Explosion

Basic Philosophy

Understanding Fire and Explosion

Philosophy of FERA

Objective of FERA

Flammability
Limits range

Understanding Fire and Explosion

Flammability Limits (FL)
Flammability Limits (FL) = (suhu, tekanan,

inert gas)

Understanding Fire and Explosion

Philosophy of Combustion
Combusation = (FL, Minimum Ignition Energy (MIE),
Surface Area)

Understanding Fire and Explosion

Fire occurance step
1.
2.
3.
4.

Jet Fire
Flash Fire
Pool Fire
Fireball

Understanding Fire and Explosion

Explosion occurance step
Explosion

Physical
Explosion
1.
2.
3.
4.

Overpressure
BLEVE - Fireball
RPT
UVCE/CVE

Chemical
Explosion
1. Runway reaction

Understanding Fire and Explosion

Physical Properties Key Factor of Flammable
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Boiling Point
Vapor Pressure
Flash Point
Autoignition
Enthalphy of Combustion (Hc)
MIE
Density
Conductivity of material
Size of material

Understanding Fire and Explosion

Environmental Properties Key Factor of Fire
/Explosion
1. Operational Parameter (Pressure, Flowrate,
Temp, etc)

2. Lay-out of unit process/equipment

3. Installation (congested, confined, etc)
4. Source of heat (open fire, conductive heat, static
electric, etc)

5. Meteorogical condition (Wind speed, direction,

etc)

6. Leakage dimension (bore, rupture, hole, etc)

Understanding Fire and Explosion

Impact of Fire & Explosion
1. Breakage the molecular bond
2. Heat Flux / Heat Radition
3. Poisonous Gas
4. Blast Wave/Shock Wave
5. Debris trajectory/projectile

Framework of Risk
Assessment on Fire and
Explosion Hazard

Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and

Explosion
Hazards
Overall Risk

Assessment Process

Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and

Explosion
Detail RiskHazards
Assessment Process

Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and

Explosion
Hazardssystem and identify hazards
Step 1 Describe
Scenario
Development

Screening Method

Credible Scenario

Potential Accident
Scenario

Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and

Explosion
Hazardssystem and identify hazards
Step 1 Describe
Scenario Development
Merupakan critical step
dalam FERA
-Key word : Loss of Containment
-Tool yang umum dipergunakan
What-If
HAZOPs
FMEA
Incident Analysis
Tie-Bow Analysis

Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and

Explosion
Hazardssystem and identify hazards
Step 1 Describe

Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and

Explosion
Hazardssystem and identify hazards
Step 1 Describe
Credible Scenario
Merupakan scenario yang akan dianalisis lebih
lanjut tingkat
consequences dan probability-nya
Merupakan model yang memiliki tingkat
kemiripan yang tinggi bila terjadi accident
Tidak menggambarkan secara keseluruhan (each
system has particular credible scenario)

Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and

Explosion
Hazards
Step 2 Determination
of frequency and
consequences
Frequency
Menggambarkan tingkat failure setiap peralatan
yang terlibat dalam Credible Scenario
Memiliki satuan (../waktu)

Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and

Explosion
Hazards
Step 2 Determination
of frequency and
consequences
Frequency
Fault Tree Analysis

Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and

Explosion Hazards
Frequency

Event Tree Analysis

Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and

Explosion
FrequencyHazards

Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and

Explosion Hazards
Consequences

Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and

Explosion Hazards
Consequences

Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and

Explosion Hazards

Consequences

Impact Calculation of Explosion

TNT Method

BST Method

TNO Method

Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and

Explosion Hazards

Consequences

Impact Calculation of Explosion

TNT Method

Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and

Explosion Hazards

Consequences

Impact Calculation of Explosion

TNO Method

Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and

Explosion Hazards

Consequences

Impact Calculation of Explosion

BST Method

Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and

Explosion Hazards

Consequences

Impact Calculation of Fire

Fire Ball Effect

Jet Fire Effect

Pool Fire Effect

Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and

Explosion Hazards

Consequences

Impact Calculation of Fire

Fire Ball Effect

Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and

Explosion Hazards

Consequences

Impact Calculation of Fire

Pool Fire Effect

Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and

Explosion Hazards

Consequences

Impact Calculation of Fire

Jet Fire Effect

Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and

Explosion Hazards

Estimating the Risk Analysis

Explosion Frequency

Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and

Explosion Hazards

Estimating the Risk Analysis

Fire Ball Frequency

Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and

Explosion Hazards

Estimating the Risk Analysis

Pool Fire Frequency

Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and

Explosion Hazards

Estimating the Risk Analysis

Individual Risk Calculation

Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and

Explosion Hazards

Estimating the Risk Analysis

Societal Risk Calculation

Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and

Explosion Hazards
Risk Criteria

Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and

Explosion Hazards

Fire and Explosion Risk Assessment Result

Selection safeguard for Fire

and Explosion s Risk Control

Selection safeguard for Fire and Explosion s

Risk Control
Startegy Prevention and Mitigation

Prevention
Barrier

Mitigation
Barrier

Selection safeguard for Fire and Explosion s

Risk
Control
Prevention
Barrier
1. Inherently Safe Practice Principles
Minimize: Reducing the amount of hazardous material
present at any one time
Substitute: Replacing one material with another of less
hazard
Moderate: Reducing the strength of an effect
Simplify: Designing out problems rather than adding
additional equipment or features to deal with them
2. Engineering consideration
Hazardous Area Zone Classification (IEC/EN 60079,
NFPA 479, API 500)
Heating Venting Air Circulation (HVAC) system
Electric Static Discharge (ESD) system
Maximum Allowable Working Pressure (MAWP)
Design
Emergency Shut Down Valve (ESDV) System
Lay-out facility (lokasi, jarak, dll)
Mechanical Protection (Material, Coating, dll)

Selection safeguard for Fire and Explosion s

Risk
Control
Prevention
Barrier
3. Operation Consideration
Preventive Maintenance Program (inspeksi rutin,
testing peralatan, dll)
Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) (operating
parameter controlling, alarm system, dll)
Housekeeping
Kompetensi Personel
Implementasi Sistem Manajemen Pengendalian
Kerugian (Manajemen resiko)
Permit System
Storage and handling management system
Cooling system (Deluge water system, vessel
cooling system, dll)
Accident Investigation and Lesson Learned
Electrical Connection System (Lighting
Protection, Grounding, dll)

Selection safeguard for Fire and Explosion s

Risk
Control
Mitigation
Barrier
1. Engineering Consideration
Hydrant & Sprinkle System
Purging system (PSV, Rupture Disc, Flare System,
dll)
Dikes Network
Water Curtain System
CO2/Inert Gas Suppression System
Blast-Wall

Selection safeguard for Fire and Explosion s

Risk
Control
Mitigation
Barrier
2. Operation Consideration
Fire Extinghuisers (APAR)
Foam system
Emergency Response Plan (assembly area)
Personal Protective Equipment (APD)
Community Emergency Response

Question ?