Evolution of Wireless

Technologies and their

Performance
Comparison
Mirza Adil Feroz

Table of Content

Introduction to Wireless Communication

1G Technology

2G and 2.5G Technologies

3G and 3.5G technologies

4G LTE Technology

Wireless Applications

Wireless Services

Evolution from 1G to 4G Technology

Network KPIs (Key Performance Indicator(KPI))

Performance Measuring Tools and Methods

Conclusion

WHAT IS WIRELESS ?

Communication Model

Communication Model

Incase of Multiple Base Stations?

Control All Base Stations From One

Single Point.

Now we have a Network. What Next?

Modulation Scheme

Multiplexing Scheme

Frequency Reuse Plan

Channels Assignment Strategy

Charging Mechanism

Authentication/Authorization Rules

Network Availability

KPIs

Standards for Wireless Communication

System

Personal Area Networks (PANs)

IEEE 802.15.4 (ZigBee)

IEEE 802.15.1.1A (Bluetooth)

IEEEE 802.15.3.a (Ultra-Wide Band or Bluetooth Future)

Local area Networks (LANs)

IEEE 802.11a

IEEE 802.11b

IEEE 802.11g

Matropolitan Area Netwrks (MANs)

3GPP Based (GSM, GPRS, EDGE,WCDMA,HSDPA,HSUPA,HSPA,SAE/LTE)

3GPP2 Based(cdmaone,cdma2000-1XRTT, 1xEV-DO, Rel-A, Rel-B, Rel-C)

IEEE 802.16d(Fixed)

IEEE 80.16e (Mobile)

CELLULAR NETWORK BASICS

Cellular network/telephony is a radio-based technology; radio waves are

electromagnetic waves that antennas propagate

Most signals are in the 850 MHz, 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, 1900 MHz and 2100 MHz
frequency bands

Cell phones operate in this frequency

range (note the logarithmic scale)

Cellular Frequencies (UHF)

System

Origin

Channel
BW( KHz)

Total B.W(M
Hz)

Uplink (MHz)

Downlink
(MHz)

Channels

AMPS

North
Americ
a

30

2*25

824-849

869-894

832

TACS

Europe

30

2*25

890-915

935-960

832

GSM

Europ

200

2*25

890-915

935-960

124

DCS

UK

200

2*75

1710-1785

1805-1880 374

PCS

Japan

200

2*60

1850-1910

1930-1990 298

CDMA

1.25 M

2*34

815-849

860-894

CDMA

1.25 M

2*34

1850-1890

1930-1990

Multiple Access Schemes

FDMA
FDMA---Different user use different
frequncy

Power

TACS AMPS
TDMA---Different user use different time
slot of one frequency
GSM DAMPS
CDMA---Different user use same
frequency at the same time, but with
different spreading code

cy
en
u
q
Fre

Tim
e

TDMA
Power
Tim
e
Fre

n
ue

cy

CDMA
Power
Tim
e

y
nc
e
qu
Fre

Frequency Division Multiple Access

Each mobile is assigned a separate frequency channel for the duration of the
call

Sufficient guard band is required to prevent adjacent channel interference

Usually, mobile terminals will have one downlink frequency band and one
uplink frequency band

Different cellular network protocols use different frequencies

Time Division Multiple Access

Guard time signal transmitted by

mobile terminals at different
locations do no arrive at the base
station at the same time

Time is divided into slots and only one mobile terminal transmits during each
slot

Each user is given a specific slot. No competition in cellular network

Unlike Carrier Sensing Multiple Access (CSMA) in WiFi

Code Division Multiple Access

Use of orthogonal codes to separate different transmissions

Each symbol of bit is transmitted as a larger number of bits using the

user specific code Spreading

Bandwidth occupied by the signal is much larger than the information

transmission rate

But all users use the same frequency band together

A Cellular Network

CELLULAR NETWORK COMPONENTS

Mobile Stations (SIM, ME)

Cell

Base Station (BTS)

Base Station Controller (BSC)

Mobile Switching Center (MSC)

Mobile Stations

1G

4G

2G

3G

5G

SIM (Subscriber Identity Module)

EEPROM

ROM
I/O

IMSI(International Mobile Subscriber Identity)

MCC (3)

MNC (2)

PIN (Personal Identification Number)

An internal security to Protect the SIM from illegal use.

Card blocks itself after three wrong entries.

PUK (Personal Unblocking Key)

Permanently stored on SIM card

8 digit code to unblock the SIM Card.

TMSI (Temporary mobile subscriber ID)

Assignment, Administration and updating is performed by VLR

CPU

MSIC (10)

RAM

Cell Clusters
A group of cells in which each cell is assigned a different frequency.

cell clusters may contain any number of cells, but

clusters of 3, 4, 5, 7 and 9 cells are very popular in

Practice.

A cluster replicates in a geographic region.

N= i2+j2+ij

Finding nearest co channel Cell

( i=2, j=1, N=7)
B
G

C
A

F
B
G
A

B
G

D
E

E
C

C
A

D
E

2
3

7
3

4
2

3
6

2
3

7
1

4
5

4
2

7
1

4
5

Hand Off

Hand off Types

Hard Hand Off

Soft Hand off

Practical Handoff Problems

Cell dragging

high speed mobility

Solution For More Handoffs

Umbrella Cell Approach

Macro Cell (Define Micro Cells Inside macro Cell)

Umbrella Cell Approach (Solution of High

Mobility)

BTS

BTS
VCT

RF connector &
Jumper connector
Earthing
Kits

I/D
Jumper
cable

Surge
Arrestor

IGB

BTS
Kallol Ghosh

EGB
Sbend

Earthing
kit

EGB

Antenn
a
Jumper
Connect
or
Jumper
Cable

RF Cable
HCT
35sqmm
yellow
green
groundin
g cable

BSC (Base Station Controller)

BSC (Base Station Controller)

Functions
Management of radio channels
Frequency hopping (FH)
Management of terrestrial channels
Mapping of terrestrial onto radio channels
Channel coding and decoding
Rate adaptation
Encryption and decryption
Paging
Uplink signal measurements
Traffic measurement
Authentication
Location registry, location update
Handover management

BTS
X
X
X
X
X
X

BSC
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

MSC (Mobile Switching Center)

Basic Cellular Network Architecture

PSTN
PSTN

BSC
BTS

BTS

MSC/VLR

HLR
AuC

1G (AMPS)

1G system developed by Bell Labs in 1980s

Analog system used FDMA/FDD

40Mhz of spectrum

842 channels

rate: 10kbps

AMPS was first launched in USA in 1G mobile systems.

AMPS: Architecture
BTS

Public
Switched
Telephone
Network

MTSO
(MSC)

BTS

BTS

BTS
MTSO: Mobile Telecommunication Switching Office
Also known as MSC (Mobile Switching Center)
BTS: Base Transceiver Station

AMPS:

Conventional Telephone Cell Phone

BTS

Public
Switched
Telephone
Network

MTSO Paging
(MSC)message

BTS

BTS

BTS

AMPS:

Conventional Telephone Cell Phone

Call arrives at MSC via the PSTN

MSC then sends out a paging message via all BTS on the FCC (Forward Control
Channel).

The paging message contains subscribers Mobile Identification Number (MIN)

The mobile unit responds with an acknowledgement on the RCC (Reverse

Control Channel)

MSC directs BS to assign FVC (Forward Voice Channel) and RVC (Reverse Voice
Channel)

AMPS: Cell phone initializes a call

Subscriber unit transmits an origination message on the RCC

Origination message contains

MIN

Electronic Serial Number

Station Class Mark

Destination phone number

If BTS receives it correctly then it is passed on to MSC

MSC validates the information and connects the call

DRAWBACKS OF 1G

Poor Voice Quality

Poor Battery Life

Large Phone Size

No Security

Limited Capacity

Poor Handoff Reliability

GSM(Global System for Mobile Communications)

Abbreviation for Global System for Mobile Communications

Concurrent development in USA and Europe in the 1980s

The European system was called GSM and deployed in the early 1990s

GSM Services

Short Message Service (SMS)

1985 GSM standard that allows messages of at most 160 chars.

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)

GSM upgrade that provides IP-based packet data transmission up to 114

kbps

Users can simultaneously make calls and send data

GPRS provides always on Internet access and the Multimedia Messaging

Service (MMS) whereby users can send rich text, audio, video messages to
each other

Performance degrades as number of users increase

GPRS is an example of 2.5G telephony 2G service similar to 3G

Voice, 3.1 kHz

2G (GSM: Architecture)
GSM

system consists of three interconnected subsystems

Base

station Subsystem

Mobile

station (MS)
Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
Base Station Controllers (BSC)
Network

Switching Subsystem (NSS)

Mobile

Switching Center (MSC)

Home Location Register (HLR)
Visitor Location Register (VLR)
Authentication center (AUC)
Operation

Support Subsystem

Operation

Maintenance Centers

BTS
BTS
BTS

BSC

BTS
BTS
BTS
BSC
BTS
BTS
Base Station Subsystem
The BTS provides last mile connection to the MS
and communication is between the BTS and MS
BSCs connect the MS to the NSS
Handover between BTS within same BSC is handled by the BSC

GSM: Architecture
Network Switching Subsystem
HLR

BTS

VLR

AUC

BTS
BTS

BSC

BTS
MSC

Public Networks

BTS
BTS
BSC
BTS
BTS
Base Station Subsystem

OSS
Operation Support Subsystem

GSM Channels
Downlink

Chann
els

Uplink

Physical Channel: Each timeslot on a carrier is referred to as

a physical channel

Logical Channel: Variety of information is transmitted

between the MS and BTS. Different types of logical channels:

Traffic channel

Control Channel

GSM BASIC PROCEDURES

1- Location Updates

The cells overlap and usually a mobile station can see several transceivers
(BTS)

The MS monitors the identifier for the BSC controlling the cells

When the mobile station reaches a new BSCs area, it requests an location
update

The update is forwarded to the MSC, entered into the VLR, the old BSC is
notified and an acknowledgement is passed back

2- Handoff (Handover)

When a call is in process, the changes in location need special processing

Within a BSS, the BSC, which knows the current radio link configuration
(including feedbacks from the MS), prepares an available channel in the new BTS

The MS is told to switch over to the new BTS

This is called a hard handoff. In a soft handoff, the MS is connected to two BTSs
simultaneously

GSM BASIC PROCEDURES

3- Roaming

When a MS enters another operators network, it can be allowed to use the

services of this operator

Operator to operator agreements and contracts

Higher billing

The MS is identified by the information in the SIM card and the identification
request is forwarded to the home operator

The home HLR is updated to reflect the MSs current location

GSM BASIC PROCEDURES

MS

4- MTC & MOC

MTC

BTS

MS

MOC

BTS

paging request
channel request

channel request

immediate assignment

immediate assignment

paging response

service request

authentication request

authentication request

authentication response

authentication response

ciphering command

ciphering command

ciphering complete

ciphering complete

setup

setup

call confirmed

call confirmed

assignment command

assignment command

assignment complete

assignment complete

alerting

alerting

connect

connect

connect acknowledge

connect acknowledge

data/speech exchange

data/speech exchange

Security in GSM
Principles
Only

authenticated users are allowed to access the network

No user data or voice communication is transmitted in clear
text
The

subscriber identity module (SIM) card is a vital part

of GSM security. It stores
International

Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)

Ciphering Key Generating Algorithm (A8)
Authentication Algorithm (A3)
Personal Identification Number
Individual Subscriber Authentication Key (K i)

Security in GSM

Mobile station contains

The network stores

A5 algorithm and IMEI

A3, A5, A8 algorithms

The Authentication Center stores

IMSI

Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI)

Individual Subscriber Authentication Key (Ki)

Security in GSM
Channel Establishment

Mobile
Station
SIM

Identity (TMSI or IMSI)

Authentication Request (RAND)

Network

Run Authentication
Algorithm (RAND)
Response
(SRES,Kc)

Authentication Response (SRES)

RAND is 128 bit random
sequence
SRES is signed response
generated for
authentication

Merits and Demerits of GSM

Advantages

Communication
mobile, wireless digital communication; support for voice and data services

Total mobility
international access, chip-card enables use of access points of different providers

Worldwide connectivity
one number, the network handles localization

High capacity
better frequency efficiency, smaller cells, more customers per cell

High transmission quality

high audio quality

uninterrupted phone calls at higher speeds (e.g., from cars, trains) better handoffs and

Security functions
access control, authentication via chip-card and PIN

Merits and Demerits of GSM

Disadvantages

No Security of Users Data

no end-to-end encryption of user data

no full ISDN bandwidth of 64 kbit/s to the user, no transparent B-channel

abuse of private data possible

roaming profiles accessible

high complexity of the system

GSM

Inter-Standards Incompatibility

several incompatibilities within the GSM standards

3G

Why 3G?

3G is created by ITU-T and is called IMT-2000

Higher bandwidth enables a range of new applications!!

For the consumer
Video streaming, TV broadcast
Video calls, video clips news, music, sports
Enhanced gaming, chat, location services
For business
High speed teleworking / VPN access
Sales force automation
Video conferencing
Real-time financial information

Evolution of Mobile Systems to 3G

- drivers are capacity, data speeds, lower cost of delivery

for revenue growth

Expected market share

TDMA
TDMA
GSM
GSM

EDGE

EDGE
EDGE Evolution
EDGE
Evolution

GPRS
GPRS

WCDMA
WCDMA

PDC
PDC

cdmaOne
cdmaOne
2G

3GPP Core
Network

CDMA2000
CDMA2000
1x
1x
First Step into 3G

90%
HSDPA
HSDPA

CDMA2000
CDMA2000
1xEV/DV
EV/DV
1x
CDMA2000
CDMA2000
1xEV/DO
EV/DO
1x
3G phase 1

Evolved 3G

10%

Impact On Existing Network

Wireless
Data Tech.

IS-95B

Cdma2000
1xRTT

Cdma2000
1xEV
(DO & DV)

Cdma2000
3xRTT

Channel
BW

1.25MHz

1.25MHz

1.25MHz

3.75MHz

Duplex

Infrastructure
Change

FDD

Requires new
software in BSC

FDD

Requires new
s/w in backbone
and new channel
cards at base
stations. Also
need to build a
new packet
service node.

FDD

Requires s/w
and digital card
upgrade on
1xRTT networks

FDD

Requires
backbone
modifications
and new channel
cards at base
stations.

Requires
New
Spectrum

Requires New Handsets

No

Yes, New handsets will work on IS-95B

at 64 Kbps and IS-95A at 14.4 Kbps.
Cdma One phones can work in IS-95B
at 14.4 Kbps

No

Yes, New handsets will work on 1xRTT

at 144 Kbps, IS-95B at 64 Kbps, IS-95A
at 14.4 Kbps. Older handsets can work
in 1xRTT but at lower speeds.

No

Yes,New handsets can work on 1xEV

at 2.4 Mbps, 1xRTT at 144 Kbps, IS95B at 64 Kbps, IS-95A at 14.4 Kbps.
Older handsets can work in 1xEV but at
lower speeds.

Maybe

Yes, New handsets will work on 95A at

14.4 Kbps, 95B at 64 Kbps, 1xRTT at
144 Kbps, 3xRTT at 2 Mbps. Older
handsets can work in 3X but at lower
speeds.

GSM Evolution to 3G
High Speed Circuit Switched Data
Dedicate up to 4 timeslots for data connection
~ 50 kbps
Good for real-time applications c.w. GPRS
Inefficient -> ties up resources, even when
nothing sent
Not as popular as GPRS (many skipping HSCSD)
Enhanced Data Rates for Global
GSM
Evolution
HSCSD
9.6kbps (one
Uses 8PSK modulation
timeslot)
3x improvement in data rate on short
GSM Data
distances
Also called CSD
Can fall back to GMSK for greater
GSM
GPRS distances
Combine with GPRS (EGPRS) ~ 384
kbps
WCDMA
General Packet Radio Services Can also be combined with HSCSD
Data rates up to ~ 115 kbps
EDGE
Max: 8 timeslots used as any one time
Packet switched; resources not tied up all the
time
Contention based. Efficient, but variable
delays

2G

2.5G

IS-95

GSM-

GPRS

IS-95B
HSCSD

Cdma2000-1xRTT
3G

IS-136 & PDC

EDGE

W-CDMA
EDGE

Cdma2000-1xEV,DV,DO

TD-SCDMA

Cdma2000-3xRTT
3GPP2

3GPP

Service Roadmap
Improved performance, decreasing cost of delivery
Broadband
in wide area

3G-specific
3G-specific services
services take
take
advantage
of
higher
bandwidth
advantage of higher bandwidth
and/or
and/or real-time
real-time QoS
QoS

Video sharing
Video telephony
Real-time IP
AAnumber
number of
of mobile
mobile
Multitasking
multimedia and games
services
services are
are bearer
bearer
WEB
browsing
Multicasting
independent
independent in
in nature
nature
Corporate data access
Streaming audio/video
MMS picture / video
xHTML browsing
Application downloading
E-mail
Presence/location
Voice & SMS
Push-to-talk

EGPRS
473
kbps

WCDMA
2
Mbps
CDMA
2000EVDV

GPRS
171
kbps

CDMA
2000EVDO

GSM
9.6
kbps

CDMA
2000 1x

Typical
average bit
rates
(peak rates
higher)

HSDPA
1-10
Mbps

UMTS
Universal

Mobile Telecommunications System

(UMTS)
UMTS is an upgrade from GSM via GPRS or EDGE
The standardization work for UMTS is carried out
by Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)
Data rates of UMTS are:
144

kbps for rural

384 kbps for urban outdoor
2048 kbps for indoor and low range outdoor
Virtual

Home Environment (VHE)

UMTS Frequency Spectrum

UMTS

Band

1900-2025
In

MHz and 2110-2200 MHz for 3G transmission

the US, 17101755MHz and 21102155MHz will be

used instead, as the 1900MHz band was already used.

UMTS Architecture
Mobile Station

ME

SIM

Base Station
Subsystem

BTS

BSC

Network Subsystem

MSC/
VLR

EIR

Other Networks

GMSC

HLR

PSTN

AUC

PLMN

RNS

ME

USIM

S
D

Node
B

RNC

SGSN

GGSN

Internet

UTRAN

Note: Interfaces have been omitted for clarity purposes.

UMTS Network Architecture

UMTS network architecture consists of three domains

Core Network (CN): Provide switching, routing and transit for user traffic

UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN): Provides the air interface
access method for user equipment.

User Equipment (UE): Terminals work as air interface counterpart for base
stations. The various identities are: IMSI, TMSI, P-TMSI, TLLI, MSISDN,
IMEI, IMEISV

RNC (Radio Network Controller

Functions of RNC are:

Radio

Resource Control
Channel Allocation
Power Control Settings
Handover Control
Ciphering
Segmentation and reassembly

Serving GSN (SGSN)

GSNs = GPRS support node

session management

mobility management
subscriber database management (interface with HLR)
Maintenance of charging data (for radio network usage)
IP-based transport of user data between SGSN and the UTRAN

Gateway GSN (GGSN)

Gateway for UMTS packet service to external data networks (e.g. the
Internet)

IP interface towards SGSN performs user data screening and security

Maintenance of charging data (for external data network usage)

Merits & Demerits of UMTS

Advantages

Data Speed Standards

1.

2 Mbps in fixed or in-building environments

2.

384 Kbps in pedestrian or urban environments

3.

144 Kbps in wide area mobile environments

4.

Variable data rates in large geographic area systems (satellite)

Overcrowding is relieved in existing systems with radio spectrum

Bandwidth, security and reliability are more

Provides interoperability among service providers

Availability of fixed and variable rates

Support to devices with backward compatibility with existing networks

Always online devices 3G uses IP connectivity which is packet based

Rich multi media services are available

Merits & Demerits of UMTS

Disadvantages

The cost of cellular infrastructure , upgrading base stations is very high

Needs modified handsets.

Roaming and data/voice work together has not yet been implemented

Power consumption is high

Requires closer base stations and are expensive

Spectrum-license costs, network deployment costs and handset subsidies

subscribers are tremendous.

GSM/UMTS Bit rate, Mobility and Services

High
(Car / Train)

EDGE
CS Data
Fax

Voice

Text Messaging

Mobility

GSM
HSCSD
GPRS

UMTS

Low
(stationary)
9.6

14.4

76.0 GPRS
HSCSD

384.0 EDGE

Bit Rate, Kbps

UMTS 2 Mb/s

UTRAN (Universal Terrestrial Radio Access

Network)

Wide band CDMA technology is selected for UTRAN air interface

WCDMA
TD-SCDMA
Base stations are referred to as Node-B and control equipment for
Node-B is called as Radio Network Controller (RNC).
Functions of Node-B are
Air

Interface Tx/Rx
Modulation/Demodulation

Functions of RNC are:

Radio

Resource Control
Channel Allocation
Power Control Settings
Handover Control
Ciphering
Segmentation and reassembly

3.5G (HSPA: High Speed Packet Access )

High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) is an amalgamation of two mobile telephony
protocols, High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and High Speed Uplink
Packet Access (HSUPA), that extends and improves the performance of existing
WCDMA protocols
3.5G introduces many new features that will enhance the UMTS technology in
future. 1xEV-DV already supports most of the features that will be provided in
3.5G. These include:
- Adaptive Modulation and Coding
- Fast Scheduling
- Backward compatibility with 3G
- Enhanced Air Interface

3.5G Radio Network Evolution

High Data rate, low latency, packet optimized radio access

Support flexible bandwidth upto 20 MHz, new transmission schemes, advanced

multi-antenna technologies, and signaling optimization

Instantaneous peak DL 100 Mb/s and UP 50 Mb/S within 20 MHz spectrum

Control plane latency of < 100 ms (camped to active) and < 50 ms (dormant to
active)

> 200 users per cell within 5 MHz spectrum

Spectrum flexibility from 1.25 MHz to 20 MHz

Eliminate dedicated channels; avoid macro diversity in DL

Migrate towards OFDM in DL and SC-FDMA in UL

Support voice services in the packet domain

Adaptive Modulation and Coding using Channel Quality Indicator (CQI)

measurements

3.5G WCDMA Evolved System

Architecture

4G (LTE)

4G (LTE)

LTE stands for Long Term Evolution

Next Generation mobile broadband technology

Promises data transfer rates of 100 Mbps

Based on UMTS 3G technology

Optimized for All-IP traffic

Advantages of LTE

Comparison of LTE Speed

Major LTE Radio Technologies

Uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) for downlink

Uses Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) for uplink

Uses Multi-input Multi-output(MIMO) for enhanced throughput

Reduced power consumption

Higher RF power amplifier efficiency (less battery power used by handsets)

LTE Architecture

LTE Architecture

LTE Air Interface

eNodeB

Mobility Management Entity

Serving Gateway (S-GW)

PDN Gateway (P-GW)

Policy Charging and Resource Function

Home Subscriber Server

LTE Channels

Logical Channels

Transport Channels

Physical Channels

Logical Channels

Transport Channels

Physical Channels

LTE Physical Channels differ somewhat from their UMTS counterparts, since the majority of LTE
Physical Channels are shared resources, carrying information for multipleusers

Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH)

Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)

Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)

Physical Channels in LTE

Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)

Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH)

Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH)

Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)

Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)

Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)

LTE Key Parameters

LTE vs UMTS

Advantages of LTE

LTE facilitates the current applications to perform on better speed as well as for the
new mobile applications

LTE decrease the traffic of communication in term of sending data.

LTE allows more users to use the same frequency that result in increasing of Mobile
Broadband users.

LTE separates frequencies into different channel in order to protect the disturbance
of each channel; the solution was called Orthogonal.

LTE offers faster data rate transfer as compare to existing 3G network equipment by
using radio waves over the same bandwidth.

LTE supports more data capacity because it focuses on VoIP(Voice Over Internet
Protocol).

LTE allows wireless broadband providers to transition to this new technology without
rebuilding their entire networks from the ground up.

LTE can also support voice and Short Message Service (SMS) text messaging using
existing networks via Generic Access (VoLGA).

Disadvantages of LTE

The start-up costs of service providers and consumers for equipment upgrades
are too high; new equipment will be needed to be installed.

LTE technology need to use additional antennas at network base stations for
data transmission. As a result to the network upgrades users need to buy new
cell phones to make use of new network infrastructure.

NETWORK KPIs

Network KPIs

CSSR (Call Success Ratio)

CDR (Call Drop Ratio)

HOSR (Handoff Success Ratio)

Throughput

Resource Utilization

Tools Used to Measure Network

Performance

EXCEL

Vendor Specific Network Monitoring/Reporting Tools

CNO2 (ZTE)

iManager M2000

Thank You