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K. Kannan, M.E.,
Asst. Professor / Mechanical,
Kamaraj College of Engineering & Technology
PLC Vs Computers
PLCs are similar to computers but computers
are optimized for calculation and display tasks,
whereas PLCs are optimized for control tasks
and the industrial environment
PLCs are Rugged and designed to withstand
vibrations, temperature, humidity and noise.
PLCs have interfacing for inputs and outputs
already inside the controller.
PLCs are easily programmed and have an easily
understood programming language which is
primarily concerned with logic and switching
operations.
Structure of PLC
Architecture of PLC
Buses
The buses present in the PLCs are
grouped into
Data Bus
Address Bus
Control Bus
System Bus
Memory
Different memory elements in the PLCs
are
Read Only Memory
Random Access Memory for User Program
Random Access Memory for User Data
Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
Input Levels
Output Levels
PLC System
Symbols Used
Ladder Rung
Logic Function - OR
Programming Examples
A signal lamp is required to be switched on if a
pump is running and the pressure is satisfactory,
or if the lamp test switch is closed.
Programming Examples
A valve is to be operated to lift a load when a
pump is running and either the lift switch is
operated or a switch operated indicating that the
load has not already been lifted
Programming Examples
For a system where there has to be no output
when any one of four sensors gives an output,
otherwise there is to be an output.
LATCH
Latch is a circuit used to hold a
coil energized even when the
input which energized it ceases.
Internal Relays
In PLCs, there are elements called as
internal relay that are used to hold data,
i.e. bits, and being able to be switched on
or off and switch other devices on or off.
A variety of other terms are often used to
describe these elements, e.g. auxiliary
relays, markers, flags, coils, bit storage.
Internal Relays
On one rung of the program: Inputs to external
inputs activate the internal relay output.
On a later rung of the program: As a
consequence of the internal relay output, internal
relay contacts are activated and so control some
output.
Resetting Latch
Sequencing
Jump
Subroutines
Subroutines are small programs to
perform specific tasks which can be called
for use in larger programs.
Subroutines
Timers
In many control tasks, there is a need to
control time. For example, a motor or a
pump might need to be controlled to
operate for a particular interval of time, or
perhaps be switched on after some time
interval. PLCs have timers as built-in
devices. Timers count fractions of seconds
or seconds using the internal CPU clock.
Timers
PLC manufacturers differ on how timers
should be programmed and hence how
they can be considered. A common
approach is to consider timers to behave
like relays with coils which when energised
result in the closure or opening of contacts
after some preset time. The timer is thus
treated as an output for a rung with control
being exercised over pairs of contacts
elsewhere
Types of Timers
There are a number of different forms of
timers that can be found with PLCs.
On-delay timers. These are timers which
come on after a particular time delay
Off-delay timers are on for a fixed period
of time before turning off
Pulse timer switches on or off for a fixed
period of time
Types of Timers
Programming Timer
Timers in Sequencing
Cascaded Timers
Pulse Timer
Counters
Counters are provided as built-in elements in
PLCs and allow the number of occurrences
of input signals to be counted.
A counter is set to some preset number value
and, when this value of input pulses has
been received, it will operate its contacts.
Thus normally open contacts would be
closed, normally closed contacts opened.
Types of Counters
Down-counters count down from the preset
value to zero, i.e. events are subtracted from
the set value. When the counter reaches the
zero value, its contacts change state.
Up-counters count from zero up to the
preset value, i.e. events are added until the
number reaches the preset value. When the
counter reaches the set value, its contacts
change state.
Types of Counters
Programming Counters
Up Down Counting
Shift Registers
The term register is used for an electronic
device in which data can be stored. An
internal relay is such a device.
The shift register is a number of internal
relays grouped together which allow
stored bits to be shifted from one relay to
another.
Shift Registers
A register is a number of internal relays
grouped together, normally 8, 16 or 32.
Each internal relay is either effectively
open or closed, these states being
designated as 0 and 1.
Shift Registers
With the shift register it is possible to shift
stored bits. Shift registers require three inputs,
one to load data into the first location of the
register, one as the command to shift data
along by one location and one to reset or clear
the register of data.
Sequencing Applications
Code Conversion
Thanking You