Chemistry Review

Chapter Outline
What are atoms?
How do atoms interact to form molecules?
Why is water so important to life?

What are Atoms?

All matter is composed of very small
particles called atoms
Atoms themselves are composed of
smaller, subatomic particles called
protons, neutrons and electrons

What are Atoms?

Name of
Particle

Location of Charge of
Particles
Particle

Mass of
Particle

Proton

Nucleus

Positive

1 amu

Neutron

Nucleus

Neutral

1 amu

Electron

Orbits
around
nucleus

Negative

1/2000
amu

What are Atoms?

Bohr Model of the Sodium Atom

What are Atoms?

There are approximately 100 different
types of atoms
These correspond to the 100 elements
present on the Periodic Table of the
Elements
Elements on the Periodic Table are
organized by atomic number, atomic
mass, and similar properties

What are Atoms?

Atomic Number =
# of protons =
# of electrons
Atomic Mass =
# of protons +
# of neutrons

What are Atoms?

Using the Periodic Table

# protons= atomic number
# electrons= atomic number
# neutrons= atomic mass atomic
number

What are Atoms?

The protons and neutrons are in the
central nucleus
Electrons arrange themselves into distinct
orbitals around the nucleus
The first orbital nearest the nucleus holds
a maximum of 2 electrons
The remaining outer orbitals hold a
maximum of 8 electrons each

 For example, sodium is atomic number 11

and atomic mass 23
#protons= 11
#electrons= 11
#neutrons= 23-11 = 12
The sodium atom has 11 electrons: 2, 8
and 1 electron in the outer orbital

What are Atoms?

For example, chlorine is atomic number
17 and atomic mass 35
#protons= 17
#electrons= 17
#neutrons= 35 17 = 18
The chlorine atom has 17 electrons: 2, 8,
and 7 electrons in the outer orbital

How do atoms interact to form

molecules?
The Octet Rule states that atoms are most
stable if the outer orbital is either full (8
electrons) or empty (0 electrons)
Atoms will lose or gain electrons in order
to fill the orbital and achieve stability
When atoms lose or gain electrons, they
become charged atoms called ions

How do atoms interact to form

molecules?
For example, sodium has one outer
electron and will lose the one electron in
order to become stable +1 sodium ion
For example, chlorine has seven outer
electrons and will gain one electron in
order to become stable -1 chlorine ion

How do atoms interact to form

molecules?
Ions of opposite charge attract to form
ionic compounds
+1 Na ion + -1 Cl ion NaCl compound
The bond that keeps the ions together is
called an ionic bond

What are Atoms?

Outer orbitals of Na and Cl ions

How do atoms interact to form

molecules?
Metallic and non-metallic elements on the
periodic table form ionic compounds by
losing/gaining electrons
Non-metallic and non-metallic elements
form covalent compounds by sharing
electrons

How do atoms interact to form

molecules?
For example, H atom has one outer
electron: it needs one more electron to
become stable
C atom has four outer electrons: it needs
four more electrons to become stable
Four H atoms will share their electrons
with one C atom so the C atom will be
stable

How do atoms interact to form

molecules?
One C atom will share its four electrons
with four H atoms in order for the H atoms
to become stable
The bond that forms between the atoms is
called a covalent bond: the equal sharing
of electrons between atoms

How do atoms interact to form

molecules?
Outer orbitals of H and C atoms

How do atoms interact to form

molecules?
Non-metallic and non-metallic atoms do
not always share their electrons equally
For example, H and O are non-metallic
elements
When H and O atoms share electrons, the
O atom has a stronger pull on the H
atoms electrons the O atom becomes
slightly negative, the H atom slightly
positive

How do atoms interact to form

molecules?
This unequal sharing of electrons creates
a polar covalent bond between H and O
atoms
The molecule as a whole has no net
charge, but there are distinct poles of
charge
The molecule is a polar covalent
compound

Why is water so important to life?

Water is a polar covalent molecule held
together by polar covalent bonds between
H and O atoms

Why is water so important to life?

Because water is a polar covalent
molecule, the slightly positive H regions of
one water molecule will attract the slightly
negative O regions of another water
molecule
This electrical attraction between the
water molecules is called hydrogen
bonding

Why is water so important to life?

Why is water so important to life?

The extraordinary properties of water are
due to waters intramolecular polar
covalent bonds and intermolecular
hydrogen bonds

Why is water so important to life?

Water is a good solvent: it interacts with
many other molecules that are ionic or
polar covalent
Water molecules are cohesive (stick
together) due to hydrogen bonding
between water molecules

Why is water so important to life?

Because of hydrogen bonding between
water molecules, it takes a large amount
of added energy to change water from
solidliquidgas (energy of vaporization)
Because of hydrogen bonding between
water molecules, one must remove a large
amount of energy in order to change water
from gasliquidsolid (energy of fusion)

Why is water so important to life?

Water can dissociate (separate) into +1 H atoms
and -1 OH ions in a solution
The amount of +1 H ions vary within and
between biological and chemical systems
Systems that have an excess of +1 H ions are
described as acidic
Systems that have an excess of -1 OH ions are
described as basic
Systems that have equal amounts of +1 H ions
and -1 OH ions are described as neutral

Why is water so important to life?

The pH scale measures the degree of
acidity/ alkalinity in a system
Acidic < pH 7
Neutral = pH 7
Basic > pH 7

 A chemical that ends to maintain a

solution at a constant pH is called a buffer
When the solution becomes too basic,
buffers release +1 H ions into the solution
to decrease pH
When the solution becomes too acidic,
buffers collect and remove +1 H ions from
the solution in order to increase pH