LTE

LTE
Long Term Evolution

--------00242229-------
Copyright2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
Mobile communication system evolution
AMPS
GSM
Advanced Mobile
Telephone System
Global System for Mobile

communications
TACS
Total Access
Communications System
ETACS
Extended Total Access
Communication System
CDMA One (IS-95)
LTE Advanced
UMTS
WCDMA
TD-SCDMA
Code Division Multiple Access

Based on IS-95
DAMPS IS-136)
Digital - Advanced Mobile Phone
System Based on
IS-136
UMB
EV-DO Rev C
CDMA2000
WiMAX
WiMAX
802.16m
Other
LTE Background Introduction
What is LTE
LTE (Long Term Evolution) is known as the evolution of radio access technology conducted by 3GPP.
The radio access network will evolve to E-UTRAN (Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network), and the
correlated core network will evolved to SAE (System Architecture Evolution).
What can LTE do
Flexible bandwidth configuration: supporting 1.4MHz,

3MHz, 5MHz, 10Mhz, 15Mhz and 20MHz
Peak date rate (within 20MHz bandwidth): 100Mbps for
downlink and 50Mbps for uplink
Time delay: <100ms (control plane), <5ms (user plane)
Provide 100kbps data rate for mobile user (up to 350kmph)
Support eMBMS
Circuit services is implemented in PS domain: VoIP
Lower cost due to simple system structure
LTE Network Architecture
Main Network Element of LTE
The E-UTRAN consists of e-NodeBs, providing the user plane and control plane.
The EPC consists of MME, S-GW and P-GW.
Network Interface of LTE
The e-NodeBs are interconnected with each other by means of the X2 interface, which enabling direct transmission of
data and signaling.
S1 is the interface between e-NodeBs and the EPC, more specifically to the MME via the S1-MME and to the S-GW via
the S1-U
Compare with traditional 3G network,
LTE architecture becomes much more
simple and flat, which can lead to
lower networking cost, higher
networking flexibility and shorter time
delay of user data and control
signaling.
UMTS
LTE
SAE
SAE Brief Introduction
SAE System Architecture Evolution considers evolution for the whole system architecture, including
Flat Functionality. Take out the RNC entity and part of the functions are arranged on e-NodeB in order to reduce the latency and enhance
the schedule ability, such as interference coordination, internal load balance, etc.
Part of the functions are arranged on core network. To enhance the mobility management, all IP technology is applied, user-plane and
control-plane are separated. The compatibility of other RAT is considered.
FDMA TDMA CDMA and OFDMA
OFDM
Introduction
OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing is a modulation

multiplexing scheme. The system bandwidth is divided into a plurality of
orthogonal.
OFDM
Orthogonality of different subcarriers is achieved by the baseband IFFT.
OFDM has many advantages that can meet the needs of EUTRAN, which is one of B3G and 4G key technology.
OFDM is a modulation multiplexing scheme, and the
corresponding multi-access techniques is OFDMA. OFDMA are
used in LTE downlink.
For LTE uplink the multiple access scheme is SC-FDMA .
OFDM OFDMA
OFDMA & SC-FDMA

OFDM & OFDMA
OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) is a

modulation multiplexing technology, divides the system
bandwidth into orthogonal subcarriers. CP is inserted between
the OFDM symbols to avoid the ISI.
OFDMA is the multi-access technology related with OFDM, is
used in the LTE downlink. OFDMA is the combination of TDMA
and FDMA essentially.
Advantage: High spectrum utilization efficiency due to
orthogonal subcarriers need no protect bandwidth. Support
frequency link auto adaptation and scheduling. Easy to combine
with MIMO.
Disadvantage: Strict requirement of time-frequency domain
synchronization. High PAPR.
DFT-S-OFDM & SC-FDMA
DFT-S-OFDM (Discrete Fourier Transform Spread OFDM)

is the modulation multiplexing technology used in the LTE
uplink, which is similar with OFDM but can release the UE
PA limitation caused by high PAPR. Each user is assigned
part of the system bandwidth.
SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple
Accessing is the multi-access technology related with
DFT-S-OFDM.
Advantage: High spectrum utilization efficiency due to
orthogonal user bandwidth need no protect bandwidth.
Low PAPR.
The subcarrier assignment scheme includes Localized
mode and Distributed mode.
Frequency Band of LTE

From LTE Protocol:
FDD Frequency Band
Duplex mode: FDD and TDD
Support frequency band form 700MHz to 2.6GHz
E-UTRA
Band
Support various bandwidth: 1.4MHz, 3MHz, 5MHz,

10MHz, 15MHz, 20MHz
E-UTRA
Band
FUL_low FUL_high
FDL_low FDL_high
FUL_low FUL_high
FDL_low FDL_high
Duplex
Mode
1920 MHz
1980 MHz
2110 MHz
2170 MHz
FDD
1850 MHz
1910 MHz
1930 MHz
1990 MHz
FDD
1710 MHz
1785 MHz
1805 MHz
1880 MHz
FDD
1710 MHz
1755 MHz
2110 MHz
2155 MHz
FDD
824 MHz
849 MHz
869 MHz
894MHz
FDD
830 MHz
840 MHz
875 MHz
885 MHz
FDD
2500 MHz
2570 MHz
2620 MHz
2690 MHz
FDD
Duplex
Mode
880 MHz
915 MHz
925 MHz
960 MHz
FDD
1749.9 MHz
1784.9 MHz
1844.9 MHz
1879.9 MHz
FDD
TDD Frequency Band

Downlink (DL)
Downlink (DL)
Protocol is being updated, frequency information could be

changed.
Uplink (UL)
Uplink (UL)
33
1900 MHz
1920 MHz
1900 MHz
1920 MHz
TDD
10
1710 MHz
1770 MHz
2110 MHz
2170 MHz
FDD
34
2010 MHz
2025 MHz
2010 MHz
2025 MHz
TDD
11
1427.9 MHz
1452.9 MHz
1475.9 MHz
1500.9 MHz
FDD
35
1850 MHz
1910 MHz
1850 MHz
1910 MHz
TDD
12
698 MHz
716 MHz
728 MHz
746 MHz
FDD
777 MHz
787 MHz
746 MHz
756 MHz
FDD
36
1930 MHz
1990 MHz
1930 MHz
1990 MHz
TDD
13
37
1910 MHz
1930 MHz
1910 MHz
1930 MHz
TDD
14
788 MHz
798 MHz
758 MHz
768 MHz
FDD
38
2570 MHz
2620 MHz
2570 MHz
2620 MHz
TDD
39
1880 MHz
1920 MHz
1880 MHz
1920 MHz
TDD
17
704 MHz
716 MHz
734 MHz
746 MHz
FDD
40
2300 MHz
2400 MHz
2300 MHz
2400 MHz
TDD
...
10
Carrier Frequency EARFCN Calculation
The values of FDL_low NDL NOffs-DL can be found from 3GPP 36.101,
as below
11
Radio Frame Structure (1)

Radio Frame Structures Supported by LTE:
Type 1, applicable to FDD
Type 2, applicable to TDD
FDD Radio Frame Structure:

LTE applies OFDM technology, with subcarrier spacing f=15kHz and 2048-order IFFT. The time unit in
frame structure is Ts=1/(2048* 15000) second
FDD radio frame is 10ms shown as below, divided into 20 slots which are 0.5ms. One slot consists of 7
consecutive OFDM Symbols under Normal CP configuration
FDD Radio Frame Structure
Concept of Resource Block:
LTE consists of time domain and frequency domain resources. The minimum unit for schedule is RB
(Resource Block), which compose of RE (Resource Element)
RE has 2-dimension structure: symbol of time domain and subcarrier of frequency domain
One RB consists of 1 slot and 12 consecutive subcarriers under Normal CP configuration
12
Resource Block
13
TDD Radio Frame Structure:
Uplink-downlink Configurations
Applies OFDM, same subcarriers spacing and time

unit with FDD.
Uplink-downlink
configuration
Downlink-to-Uplink
Switch-point periodicity
Similar frame structure with FDD. radio frame is

10ms shown as below, divided into 20 slots which
are 0.5ms.
The uplink-downlink configuration of 10ms frame are
shown in the right table.
Subframe number
0
5 ms
5 ms
5 ms
10 ms
10 ms
10 ms
5 ms
D: Downlink subframe
U: Uplink subframe
S: Special subframe
DwPTS: Downlink Pilot Time Slot

GP: Guard Period
UpPTS: Uplink Pilot Time Slot
TDD Radio Frame Structure
14
Special Subframe Structure
Special Subrame Structure:
Special Subframe consists of DwPTS, GP and UpPTS .

9 types of Special subframe configuration.
Guard Period size determines the maximal cell radius.
(100km)
DwPTS consists of at least 3 OFDM symbols, carrying
RS, control message and data.
UpPTS consists of at least 1 OFDM symbol, carrying
sounding RS or short RACH.
Configuration of special subframe

Special subframe
configuration
Normal cyclic prefix

DwPTS
GP
10
10
11
12
10
11
15
UpPTS
CP Configuration
CP Length Configuration:
Cyclic Prefix is applied to eliminate ISI of

OFDM.
CP length is related with coverage radius.
Normal CP can fulfill the requirement of
common scenarios. Extended CP is for wide
coverage scenario.
Configuration
Normal CP
Extended
CP
DL OFDM CP Length
UL SC-FDMA CP
Length
160 for slot #0
160 for slot #0
144 for slot #1~#6
144 for slot #1~#6
f=15kHz
512 for slot #0~#5
512 for slot #0~#5
f=7.5kHz
1024 for slot #0~#2
f=15kHz
NULL
Longer CP, higher overheading.
Slot structure under Normal CP

configuration
(f=15kHz)
Slot structure under Extended
CP configuration
(f=15kHz)
Slot structure under Extended
CP configuration
(f=7.5kHz)
16
Sub-carrier of
each RB
Symbol of
each slot
7
12
6
24 (DL only)
3 (DL only)
Brief Introduction of Physical Channels

Downlink Channels
Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH): Carries system information for cell

search, such as cell ID.
MAC Layer
Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) : Carries the resource allocation

of PCH and DL-SCH, and Hybrid ARQ information.
Physical Layer
Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) : Carries the downlink user data.
Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH) : Carriers information of
the OFDM symbols number used for the PDCCH.
Mapping between downlink transport channels

and downlink physical channels
Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH) : Carries Hybrid ARQ

ACK/NACK in response to uplink transmissions.
Physical Multicast Channel (PMCH) : Carries the multicast information.
Uplink Channels
MAC Layer
Physical Layer
Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) : Carries the random access

preamble.
Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) : Carries the uplink user data.
Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) : Carries the HARQ ACK/NACK,
Mapping between uplink transport channels

and downlink physical channels
Scheduling Request (SR) and Channel Quality Indicator (CQI), etc.
17
Downlink Physical Channel

Downlink Physical Channel Processing
scrambling of coded bits in each of the code words to be transmitted on a physical channel
modulation of scrambled bits to generate complex-valued modulation symbols
mapping of the complex-valued modulation symbols onto one or several transmission layers
precoding of the complex-valued modulation symbols on each layer for transmission on the antenna ports
mapping of complex-valued modulation symbols for each antenna port to resource elements
generation of complex-valued time-domain OFDM signal for each antenna port
Modulation Scheme of Downlink

Channel
Shown at the right table
Phy Ch
Modulation Scheme
Phy Ch
Modulation Scheme
PBCH
QPSK
PCFICH
QPSK
PDCCH
QPSK
PHICH
BPSK
PDSCH
QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
PMCH
QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
18
Uplink Physical Channel

Uplink Physical Channel Processing
scrambling
modulation of scrambled bits to generate complex-valued symbols
transform precoding to generate complex-valued symbols
mapping of complex-valued symbols to resource elements
generation of complex-valued time-domain SC-FDMA signal for each antenna port
Modulation Scheme of Downlink Channel
Shown at the right table
Phy Ch
Modulation Scheme
PUCCH
BPSK, QPSK
PUSCH
QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
PRACH
Zadoff-Chu
19
Downlink Physical Signals (1)

Downlink RS (Reference Signal):
One Antenna
Port
Cell-Specific RS
Mapping in TimeFrequency Domain
Similar with Pilot signal of CDMA. Used for downlink physical channel demodulation
and channel quality measurement (CQI)
Three types of RS in protocol. Cell-Specific Reference Signal is essential and the other
two types RS (MBSFN Specific RS & UE-Specific RS) are optional.
Characteristics:
Two Antenna
Ports
RE
Not used for RS
transmission on this
antenna port
RS symbols on this
antenna port
Cell-Specific Reference Signals are generated from cell-specific RS

sequence and frequency shift mapping. RS is the pseudo-random
sequence transmits in the time-frequency domain.
The frequency interval of RS is 6 subcarriers.
RS distributes discretely in the time-frequency domain, sampling the

channel situation which is the reference of DL demodulation.
Serried RS distribution leads to accurate channel estimation, also high

overhead that impacting the system capacity.
Four Antenna
Ports
R1: RS transmitted in 1st ant port

R2: RS transmitted in 2nd ant port
R3: RS transmitted in 3rd ant port
R4: RS transmitted in 4th ant port
MBSFN: Multicast/Broadcast over a
Single Frequency Network
Antenna Port 0
Antenna Port 1
Antenna Port 2
Antenna Port 3
20
Downlink Physical Signals (2)

Synchronization Signal:
synchronization signals are used for time-frequency synchronization between UE and E-UTRAN during cell search.
synchronization signal comprise two parts:
Primary Synchronization Signal, used for symbol timing, frequency synchronization and part of the cell ID detection.
Secondary Synchronization Signal, used for detection of radio frame timing, CP length and cell group ID.
Characteristics:
The bandwidth of the synchronization signal is

62 subcarrier, locating in the central part of
system bandwidth, regardless of system
bandwidth size.
Synchronization signals are transmitted only in
the 1st and 11rd slots of every 10ms frame.
The primary synchronization signal is located in
the last symbol of the transmit slot. The
secondary synchronization signal is located in
the 2nd last symbol of the transmit slot.
Synchronization Signals Structure
21
Uplink Physical Signals

Uplink RS (Reference Signal):
Freq
Allocated UL bandwidth of one UE
The uplink pilot signal, used for synchronization between

E-UTRAN and UE, as well as uplink channel estimation.
DM RS associated with PUSCH is mapped to

the 4th symbol each slot
Two types of UL reference signals:
DM RS (Demodulation Reference Signal), associated with

PUSCH and PUCCH transmission.
Time
Freq
SRS (Sounding Reference Signal), without associated with

PUSCH and PUCCH transmission.
Characteristics:
Each UE occupies parts of the system bandwidth since SC-FDMA

is applied in uplink. DM RS only transmits in the bandwidth
allocated to PUSCH and PUCCH.
Time
Freq
The slot location of DM RS differs with associated PUSCH and

PUCCH format.
Sounding RSs bandwidth is larger than that allocated to UE, in
order to provide the reference to e-NodeB for channel estimation in
the whole bandwidth.
Sounding RS is mapped to the last symbol of sub-frame. The

transmitted bandwidth and period can be configured. SRS
transmission scheduling of multi UE can achieve
time/frequency/code
diversity. Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
Copyright2011
Huawei Technologies
DM RS associated with PUCCH (transmits

UL ACK signaling) is mapped to the central 3
symbols each slot
DM RS associated with PUCCH (transmits

UL CQI signaling) is mapped to the 2
symbols each slot
Time
PUCCH is mapped to up & down

ends of the system bandwidth,
hopping between two slots.
22
System bandwidth
Downlink Resource Structure
Type I frame, single antenna, F = 15 kHz
Standard RB:
One of center 6 RBs:
23

7 OFDM symbols at normal CP per slot (0.5 ms)
SF 1
SF 2
SF 3
SF 4
SF 5
SF 6
CP
OFDM
Symbol 6
Legend:
Downlink Reference signals
PBCH
PSS
SSS
PDCCH / PHICH / PCFICH
PDSCH
1 subframe = 2 slot (1 ms)
SF 0
OFDM
Symbol 5
CP
OFDM
Symbol 4
CP
CP
OFDM
Symbol 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Centre 6 RBs
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
CP
OFDM
Symbol 2
CP
OFDM
Symbol 1
CP
OFDM
Symbol 0
SF 7
SF 8
SF 9
1 frame =
10 subframe (10 ms)
24
Uplink Resource Structure

7 OFDM symbols at normal CP per slot (0.5 ms)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
OFDM
Symbol 6
CP
OFDM
Symbol 5
CP
OFDM
Symbol 4
CP
CP
OFDM
Symbol 3
CP
OFDM
Symbol 2
CP
OFDM
Symbol 1
CP
OFDM
Symbol 0
Legend:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
UL DMRS (Uplink Demodulation Reference Signal)

UL SRS (Uplink Sounding Reference Signal)
1 subframe = 2 slot (1 ms)
PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Channel)

(incl.HARQ feedback and CQI reporting)
Demodulation Reference Signal for PUCC
SF 0
SF 1
SF 2
SF 3
SF 4
SF 5
SF 6
SF
7
SF 8
SF 9Shared Data Channel)
PUSCH
(Physical
Uplink
1 frame =
10 subframe (10 ms)
25
Physical Layer Procedure Cell Search

Basic Principle of Cell Search:
Cell search is the procedure of UE synchronizes with E-UTRAN in

time-freq domain, and acquires the serving cell ID.
Two steps in cell search:
Step 1: Symbol synchronization and acquirement of ID within

Cell Group by demodulating the Primary Synchronization Signal;
Step 2: Frame synchronization, acquirement of CP length and
Cell Group ID by demodulating the Secondary Synchronization
Signal.
About Cell ID
Initial Cell Search:
In LTE protocol, the physical layer Cell ID comprises two parts:

Cell Group ID and ID within Cell Group. The latest version defines
that there are 168 Cell Group IDs, 3 IDs within each group. So
totally 168*3=504 Cell IDs exist.
The initial cell search is carried on after the UE power on. Usually, UE doesnt
know the network bandwidth and carrier frequency at the first time switch on.
UE repeats the basic cell search, tries all the carrier frequency in the spectrum to
demodulate the synchronization signals. This procedure takes time, but the time
requirement are typically relatively relaxed. Some methods can reduce time, such
as recording the former available network information as the prior search target.
Once finish the cell search, which achieve synchronization of time-freq domain
and acquirement of Cell ID, UE demodulates the PBCH and acquires for system
information, such as bandwidth and Tx antenna number.
After the procedure above, UE demodulates the PDCCH for its paging period that
allocated by system. UE wakes up from the IDLE state in the specified paging
period, demodulates PDCCH for monitoring paging. If paging is detected, PDSCH
resources will be demodulated to receive paging message.
(1)
(2)
cell
N ID
3 N ID
N ID
(1)
N ID
(2)
N ID
represents Cell Group ID, value from 0 to 167;
represents ID within Cell Group, value from 0 to 2.
26
Physical Layer Procedure Radom Access

Basic Principle of Random Access :
Random access is the procedure of uplink synchronization

between UE and E-UTRAN.
Prior to random access, physical layer shall receive the
following information from the higher layers:
Detail Procedure of Random Access:
Random access channel parameters: PRACH configuration,

frequency position and preamble format, etc.
Parameters for determining the preamble root sequences and their

cyclic shifts in the sequence set for the cell, in order to demodulate
the random access preamble.
Two steps in physical layer random access:
UE transmission of random access preamble
Random access response from E-UTRAN
amble
RA Pre
PRACH
p
RA Res
H
C
PDC
onse
Physical Layer procedure is triggered upon request of a preamble

transmission by higher layers.
The higher layers request indicates a preamble index, a target preamble
received power, a corresponding RA-RNTI and a PRACH resource .
UE determines the preamble transmission power is preamble target
received power + Path Loss. The transmission shall not higher than the
maximum transmission power of UE. Path Loss is the downlink path
loss estimate calculated in the UE.
A preamble sequence is selected from the preamble sequence set
using the preamble index.
A single preamble is transmitted using the selected preamble sequence
with calculated transmission power on the indicated PRACH resource.
UE Detection of a PDCCH with the indicated RA-RNTI is attempted
during a window controlled by higher layers. If detected, the
corresponding PDSCH transport block is passed to higher layers. The
higher layers parse the transport block and indicate the 20-bit grant.
RA-RNTI: Random Access Radio Network Temporary Identifier
27
Physical Layer Procedure Power Control

Basic Principle of Power Control:
Downlink Power Control:
Downlink power control determines the EPRE (Energy per

Resource Element);
Uplink power control determines the energy per DFT-SOFDM

(also called SC-FDMA) symbol.
The transmission power of downlink RS is usually constant. The

transmission power of PDSCH is proportional with RS transmission power.
Downlink transmission power will be adjusted by the comparison of UE
report CQI and target CQI during the power control.
Uplink Power Control:
Uplink power control consists of opened loop power and closed loop power control.
A cell wide overload indicator (OI) is exchanged over X2 interface for integrated intercell power control, possible to enhance the system performance through power
control.
UE report CQI
DL Tx Power
PUSCH, PUCCH, PRACH and Sounding RS can be controlled respectively by uplink

power control. Take PUSCH power control for example:
X2
PPUSCH (i) min {PMAX ,10 log10 (M PUSCH (i)) PO_PUSCH (j) (j) PL TF (i) f(i)}
PUSCH power control is the slow power control, to compensate the path loss and
shadow fading and control inter-cell interference. The control principle is shown in
above equation. The following factors impact PUSCH transmission power PPUSCH: UE
UL Tx Power
System adjust
parameters
maximum transmission power PMAX, UE allocated resource MPUSCH, initial transmission

power PO_PUSCH, estimated path loss PL, modulation coding factor TF and system
adjustment factor f (not working during opened loop PC)
EPRE: Energy per Resource Element

DFT-SOFDM: Discrete Fourier Transform Spread OFDM
28
Adaptive Modulation and Coding

2 bits per symbol in
each carrier.

each carrier.

each carrier.
The most appropriate modulation and coding scheme can be adaptively selected according to the channel propagation
conduction, then the maximum throughput can be obtained for different channel situation.
29 29
Page
Handover
30
Types of LTE Handover
31
LTE Feature
MIMO
ICIC
SON
ANR
Automatic Detection and Collision PCI
Mobility Load Balancing
CSFB
32
MIMO
Downlink MIMO
Uplink MIMO
MIMO is supported in LTE downlink to achieve spatial

multiplexing, including single user mode SU-MIMO and multi
user mode MU-MIMO.
In order to improve MIMO performance, pre-coding is used in
both SU-MIMO and MU-MIMO to control/reduce the interference
among spatial multiplexing data flows.
The spatial multiplexing data flows are scheduled to one single
user In SU-MIMO, to enhance the transmission rate and
spectrum efficiency. In MU-MIMO, the data flows are scheduled
to multi users and the resources are shared within users. Multi
user gain can be achieved by user scheduling in the spatial
domain.
Due to UE cost and power consumption, it is difficult to implement

the UL multi transmission and relative power supply. Virtual-MIMO,
in which multi single antenna UEs are associated to transmit in the
MIMO mode. Virtual-MIMO is still under study.
Scheduler assigns the same resource to multi users. Each user
transmits data by single antenna. System separates the data by
the specific MIMO demodulation scheme.
MIMO gain and power gain (higher Tx power in the same time-freq
resource) can be achieved by Virtual-MIMO. Interference of the
multi user data can be controlled by the scheduler, which also
bring multi user gain.
DL-MIMO
Virtual-MIMO
33
DL MIMO
SFBC (Transmit Diversity)
User1
codeword
Mod
MCW (Spatial Multiplexing)
Layer 1, CW1, AMC1
S
F
B
C
MIMO
encoder
and layer
mapping
UE2
UE1
Layer 2, CW2, AMC2

UE1
Same stream transmitted simultaneously in certain

form of MIMO coding at the same time-frequency
resource from both antenna ports (Rank = 1)
Depending on the environment & number of
antennas, SFBC can reduce fading margin by 2~8
dB, to extend coverage, and enhance system
capacity
Multiple data streams transmitted at the same timefrequency resource from different antenna ports
The terminal must have at least 2 Rx antennas for spatial
multiplexing (SM)
3434
Page
ICIC Inter-Cell Interference

Coordination
ICIC is one solution for the cell interference control, is essentially a schedule strategy. In LTE, some coordination schemes( ICIC )
can control the interference in cell edges to enhance the frequency reuse factor and performance in the cell edges.
Center Band
The edge band is assigned to the users in

cell edge. The eNB transmit power of the
edge band can be high.
Center Band
Center Band
Cell 2,4,6 Primary Band

Cell 1 Edge Band
Center Band
The center band is assigned to the users in cell

center. The eNB transmit power of the center band
should be reduced in order to avoid the
interference to the edge band of neighbor cells.
Cell 3,5,7P Edge Band
35
SON Self-Organising Networks

SON Brief Introduction
SON (Self Organization Network) is the functions of LTE that required by the NGMN (Next
Generation Mobile Network) operators.
From the point of view of the operators benefit and experiences, the early communication
systems had bad O&M compatibility and high cost.
New requirements of LTE are brought forward, mainly focus on FCAPSI (Fault,
Configuration, Alarm, Performance, Security, Inventory) management:
Self-planning and Self-configuration, support plug and play
Self-Optimization and Self-healing
Self-Maintenance
36
SON_ANR (Automatic Neighbor Relation)

Add new Sites
New site
configured site
Description:
Description:
Auto
Autoconfigure
configureand
andoptimize
optimizeNeighbor
Neighbor
relations,
relations,intra-LTE
intra-LTEand
andinter-RAT
inter-RAT
X2
X2automatic
automaticsetup
setup
Operator
Operatordefined
definedrules
rulesand
andmonitoring
monitoring
supported
supported
Benefits:
Benefits:
Fast
Fastdefinition
definitionof
ofNeighbor
NeighborRelations
Relations
up
upto
to95%
95%lower
lowercost
costof
ofneighbor
neighborrelation
relation
planning
planningand
andoptimization
optimization
Improve
Improvecustomer
customerexperience
experienceby
byreducing
reducing
HO
HOfailure
failurecaused
causedby
bymissing
missingneighbor
neighbor
relations
relations
37
ANR functionality
ANR management is implemented through the following functions:
Automatic detection of missing neighboring cells
Automatic evaluation of neighbor relations
Automatic detection of Physical Cell Identifier (PCI) collisions
Automatic detection of abnormal neighboring cell coverage
Automatic Neighbor Relation (ANR) can automatically add and maintain neighbor relations. The initial network
construction, however, should not fully depend on ANR for the following considerations:
ANR is closely related to traffic in the entire network
ANR is based on UE measurements but the delay is introduced in the measurements.
After initial neighbor relations configured and the number of UEs increasing, some neighboring relations may be
missing. In this case, ANR can be used to detect missing neighboring cells and add neighbor relations.
38
ANR functionality
Two main type of ANR:
Event triggered
Periodical reporting fast ANR
Both Event triggered and Fast ANR are applicable for same system or different systems
39
SON _Automatic Detection of PCI Collisions
A PCI collision means the serving cell and a neighboring cell have the same PCI but different
ECGIs. PCI collisions may be caused by improper network planning or abnormal neighboring cell
coverage (also known as cross-cell coverage). If two neighboring cells have the same PCI,
interference will be generated.
When a PCI collision occurs, the eNodeB cannot determine the target cell for a handover. In this
situation, the handover performance deteriorates and the handover success rate is reduced.
After a PCI collision is removed, the following conditions are met:
The PCI is unique in the coverage area of a cell.

The PCI is unique in the neighbor relations of a cell.
40
SON_Automatic Detection of PCI Collisions Cont.

Automatic Detection of PCI Collisions
After a neighbor relation is added to the NRT, the eNodeB compares the PCI of the new neighboring cell with the
PCIs of existing neighboring cells in the case of IntraRatEventAnrSwitch is set to ON. If the new neighboring cell
and an existing neighboring cell have the same ECGI but different PCIs, the eNodeB reports a PCI collision to the
M2000. The M2000 collects statistics about PCI collisions and generates a list of PCI collisions.
Reallocating PCIs
PCI reallocation is a process of reallocating a new PCI to a cell whose PCI collides with the PCI of another cell. The
purpose is to remove PCI collisions.
The M2000 triggers the PCI reallocation algorithm to provide suggestions on PCI reallocation.
Note:
After the PCI of a cell is changed, the cell needs to be reestablished and the services carried on the cell are
disrupted. Therefore, the PCI reallocation algorithm only provides reallocation suggestions. A PCI can be reallocated
manually or automatically through a scheduled task configured on the M2000.
41
SON_MLB( Mobility Load Balancing)

Cell A
Cell B
Cell C
Description:
Description:
Exchange
Exchangecell
cellload
loadinformation
informationover
overX2
X2
Offload
Offloadcongested
congestedcells
cells
Optimize
Optimizecell
cellreselection
reselection/ /handover
handover
parameters
parameters
Benefits:
Benefits:
Increase
Increase10%
10%system
systemcapacity
capacityand
and10%-20%
10%-20%
Cell A
Cell B
Cell C
access
accesssuccess
successrate
ratein
inunbalance
unbalancescenario
scenario
Improve
Improvecustomer
customerexperience
experienceby
byreducing
reducing
call
calldrop
droprate,
rate,handover
handoverfailure
failurerate,
rate,and
and
unnecessary
unnecessaryredirection
redirectioncaused
causedby
by
unbalanced
unbalancedload
load
42
SON_MRO( Mobility Robust

Optimization )
Value
How to solve
Mobility Problems?
unnecessary HO Rate
HO successful rate
PING
PONG
Before adopt MRO
After adopt MRO
Description:
Description:
Benefits:
Benefits:
HO
HOparameters
parametersare
areoptimized
optimizedbased
based
Reduce
Reducecost
costof
ofmobility
mobilityoptimization
optimization
Improve
Improvecustomer
customerexperience
experienceby
byreducing
reducing
upon
uponlong
longterm
termUE
UEmobility
mobilitybehavior
behavior
Avoid
AvoidPing-Pong
Ping-Ponghandover,
handover,handover
handovertoo
too
call
calldrop
droprate
rateand
andhandover
handoverfailure
failurerate
rate
early,
early,handover
handovertoo
toolate,
late,etc
etc
43
THANK YOU
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
PAPR
Cyclic Prefix
45

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Long Term Evolution

Copyright2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

Mobile communication system evolution

Global System for Mobile

CDMA One (IS-95)

Code Division Multiple Access

Copyright2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

LTE Background Introduction

What can LTE do

Flexible bandwidth configuration: supporting 1.4MHz,

Time delay: <100ms (control plane), <5ms (user plane)

Provide 100kbps data rate for mobile user (up to 350kmph)

Circuit services is implemented in PS domain: VoIP

Lower cost due to simple system structure

Copyright2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

LTE Network Architecture

Main Network Element of LTE

The EPC consists of MME, S-GW and P-GW.

Network Interface of LTE

Copyright2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

SAE Brief Introduction

Copyright2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

FDMA TDMA CDMA and OFDMA

Copyright2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing is a modulation

Orthogonality of different subcarriers is achieved by the baseband IFFT.

Copyright2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

OFDMA & SC-FDMA

OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) is a

Copyright2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

DFT-S-OFDM & SC-FDMA

DFT-S-OFDM (Discrete Fourier Transform Spread OFDM)

Frequency Band of LTE

Duplex mode: FDD and TDD

Support frequency band form 700MHz to 2.6GHz

Support various bandwidth: 1.4MHz, 3MHz, 5MHz,

TDD Frequency Band

Protocol is being updated, frequency information could be

Copyright2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

Copyright2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

Carrier Frequency EARFCN Calculation

Copyright2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

Radio Frame Structure (1)

Type 1, applicable to FDD

Type 2, applicable to TDD

FDD Radio Frame Structure:

FDD Radio Frame Structure

Concept of Resource Block:

One RB consists of 1 slot and 12 consecutive subcarriers under Normal CP configuration

Copyright2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

Copyright2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

Radio Frame Structure (2)

TDD Radio Frame Structure:

Applies OFDM, same subcarriers spacing and time

Similar frame structure with FDD. radio frame is

DwPTS: Downlink Pilot Time Slot

TDD Radio Frame Structure

Copyright2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

Special Subframe Structure

Special Subrame Structure:

Special Subframe consists of DwPTS, GP and UpPTS .

Copyright2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

Configuration of special subframe