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0 REACTION KINETICS
Objectives:
1.
2.
REACTION KINETICS
Chemical kinetics is the study of the rates of
chemical reactions, the factors that affect these
rates, and the reaction mechanisms by which
reactions occur.
Important
industrial process
-Time
-Optimum yield
-Optimum conditions
control over reaction,
obtain products economically,
using optimum conditions
Rate of reaction
1
rate
Time
Example;
d[A]
rate =
dt
d[B]
rate = dt
dt = period of time
time
d[A]
rate = dt
rate =
d[B]
dt
[B]
[A]
Rate of reaction
The average rate is the rate over a period of time.
The rate of reaction at a given time is called an
instantaneous rate of reaction.
The instantaneous rate at the beginning of a
reaction is called the initial rate of reaction.
Instantaneous rate is determined from a graph of
concentration vs time by drawing a line tangent to
the curve at that particular time.
Rate of reaction
Reaction:
H2O2(aq) H2O(l) + O2(g)
Reaction rates are obtained
from the slopes of the straight
lines;
purple
blue
red
Rate =
cC + dD
1 d[A]
1 d[B] 1 d[C] 1 d[D]
a dt
b dt
c dt
d dt
2NH3(g)
d[N 2 ]
1 d[H 2 ] 1 d[NH 3 ]
Rate =
dt
3 dt
2 dt
The equation means that the rate of disappearance
of N2 is 1/3 the rate of disappearance of H2 and 1/2
the rate of formation of NH3.
Example 1:
Consider the reaction, 2HI
H2 + I 2 ,
Rate =
2 dt
dt
dt
d[I 2 ]
= 1.8 10-6
dt
1 d[HI] d[I 2 ]
Rate =
2 dt
dt
d[HI]
= 2 1.8 10-6 = 3.6 10-6 M s-1
dt
EXERCISE 1:
Hydrogen gas produced nonpolluting product is
water vapour when react in O2 due to this reaction
has been used for fuel aboard the space shuttle,
and may be used by Earth-bound engines in the
near future.
2H2(g) + O2(g)
2H2O(g)
Express the rate in terms of changes in [H2],
[O2] and [H2O] with time.
When [O2] is decreasing at 0.23 mol L-1 s-1, at
what rate is [H2O] increasing?
(0.46 mol L-1 s-1)
Exercise 2:
Consider the reaction,
NO(g) + O2(g)
2NO2(g).
Exercise 3:
Consider the reaction,
N2(g) + 3H2(g)
2NH3(g)